Racism The Criminal Justice System - 1040 Words

Jesse Horton Mr. Andrew Bagley PLS 213 American Federal Government-Online 25th November 2015 Racism in Our Criminal Justice System There are many different types of unlawful racism in the criminal justice system. It goes from back in the early part of our great nation’s birth to the killing of Martin Luther King Jr. to Ferguson, Missouri. The path that racism takes is from old time’s point of view. The way to clear up racism in our criminal justice system is simple and easy. Americans need to fully understand the idea of equality. Second, police need to stop doing racial profiling. Finally, the criminal justice system needs to be kinder to different races. Americans need to abolish the idea that racism needs to be alive. The criminal†¦show more content†¦The real violent race out of all of them are white; not Black, Asian, Hispanic, and Native American.† stats from Federal Bureau of Prisons, (Federal Bureau of Prisons). Second, police in our country do racial profiling. This practice of law enforcement is morally wrong and personally sickening. Racial Profiling is the idea that just because someone is a different race automatically makes that one person a suspect. Racial Profiling goes against everything that the United States Constitution is about. The constitution is about freedom, equality, and the pursuit of happiness. Our law enforcement is put into place to serve and protect the innocent. The constitution protects us of unlawful search and seizers as well. Racial profiling makes our law enforcement give in their minds probable cause when there really is not any in the first place. Also, it goes against the United States Constitution. The American Civil Liberties Union and American Civil Liberites Union Foundation said, â€Å"Racial profiling is a longstanding and deeply troubling national problem despite claims that the United States has entered a â€Å"post-racial era.† It occurs ever y day, in cities and towns across the country, when law enforcement and private security target people of color for humiliating and often frightening detentions, interrogations, and searches without evidence of criminal activity and based on perceived race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion. Racial profiling is

Jean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development - 998 Words

Jean Piaget, born in Switzerland in 1896, contributed to our understanding of the minds of children by introducing his theory of cognitive development. This theory shows us how children come to understand the world in four different stages: the sensorimotor stage, the pre operational stage, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. According to Piaget, each one of these stages is the foundation for the next, so missing a stage is impossible. He compares it to building the second story of a house, without building the first level, its impossible. (Mitchell Ziegler, 2013) Jean Piaget never thought that children had the same thought processes as adults with a smaller quantity of knowledge, he considered children’s thoughts to be qualitatively different from adults, and full competence is only possible if children get through his four stages of cognitive development. The sensorimotor stage is the first stage, occurring from birth to two years old. This stag e gets its name from the idea that the infant has sensory experiences and can move her limbs and other bodily parts. (Mitchell Ziegler, 2013) During this stage, Piaget explains how we are in a state of solipsism, which is defined as the failure to distinguish between yourself and the rest of the universe. (Mitchell Ziegler, 2013) Piaget explains that in order to understand the differences, the infant needs to go through six different substages, which occur during the first 24 months of an infant’sShow MoreRelatedJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. Jean Piaget was born on August 9, 1896 in Neuchatel, SwitzerlandRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1607 Words   |  7 PagesShaquille Ross Professor Morris Piaget Theory Jean Piaget s theory of cognitive development gives a broader way of explaining the way of how the process of thinking is developed, based off of different age groups. He became interested in how organisms adapt and conform to its environment. He believe that it was labelled as intelligence. He observed these behaviors by controlling them through schema or schemes. In other words, Piaget organized experiments that are based off of intellectualRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory On Cognitive Development1045 Words   |  5 Pageshave shaped our understandings of the human mind and our behaviors. Jean Piaget was by no means an exception. Piaget was a clinical psychologist known for his pioneering work in child development. He was the first psychologist to make a systematic study of cognitive development. Over the course of his later career in child psychology, he identified four stages of mental development that took into account young people s development from basic object identification t o highly abstract thought. This paperRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1553 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget is considered to be very influential in the field of developmental psychology. Piaget had many influences in his life which ultimately led him to create the Theory of Cognitive Development. His theory has multiple stages and components. The research done in the early 1900’s is still used today in many schools and homes. People from various cultures use his theory when it comes to child development. Although there are criticisms and alternatives to his theory, it is still largelyRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1071 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay I want to analyse Jean Piaget’s (1936) stage theory of cognitive development and Erik Erikson’s (1959) theory on stage development. Piaget’s theory focuses on cognitive development where Erikson’s applies a more psychosocial lens. I will be analysin g the key concepts of each theory and comparing them to see the similarities and differences in the theorists thinking. Piaget’s theory is made up of four stages. The first stage was the sensitometer stage. This occurs from birth to twoRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development877 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget is one of many theorists to have proposed ideas about development. However he was the first to make a methodical study of cognitive development. In his theory Piaget describes four main stages of psychological development which he believes children move through. His theory suggests that each stage helps to construct the next; leading cognitive abilities to become more advanced as we grow older. When taking into consideration discontinuity and continuity; Piaget’s cognitive stages leansRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development1641 Words   |  7 PagesJean Piaget (1936), was a developmental psychologist from Switzerland. He was known to be one of the first psychologists to study cognitive development. His contributions include an in depth theory of cognitive child development. His studies include many detailed child observations and a series of simple but ingenious tests to reveal a child cognitive abilities. Before Piaget’s theory of development many psychologists believed that children were just less competent thinkers then adults. Piaget arguesRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive And Affective Development1693 Words   |  7 PagesMethodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget The Methodology and Cognitive Theory of Jean Piaget Timothy Carlton Southwest Tennessee Community College A Paper Presented In Partial Fulfillment Of The Requirements For Life Span Psychology 2130-L01 July 31, 2014 â€Æ' â€Æ' Abstract Jean Piaget’s theory of Cognitive and Affective Development is a result of an interdisciplinary approach to understanding mental processes and the behaviors presented by those processes. Piaget’s theory encompasses developmentRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development895 Words   |  4 Pageshave contributed to the study of Psychology. One of these great contributors is Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist. He is mostly known for his theory of cognitive development. Jean Piaget used his own life as well of the lives of his own children to develop this theory. He believed that the thought process between children and adults were different and thus that began the process of Cognitive Development. Jean Piaget is a Swiss psychologist who was born on August 9, 1986. He is one of the mostRead MoreJean Piaget s Theory Of Cognitive Development943 Words   |  4 PagesJean Piaget’s theories of cognitive development broke new ground in the field of Psychology leading to the extension of further research into the area of developmental psychology. In this essay I seek to examine these theories whilst considering their current relevance to modern psychology and society. A major part of Piaget’s theory focuses around the idea of schemas; a set of linked mental representations used to make sense of the world. According to Piaget (1952), we are born with a small set

Caterpillar Company Analysis Essay - 4206 Words

Caterpillar Inc. Caterpillar Incorporated is the world’s largest producer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, and industrial gas turbines. Caterpillars headquarters are located in Peoria, Illinois, United States. The company operates in three principal lines of business: machinery, engines, and financial products. The machinery segment includes the design, manufacture, marketing, and selling of all kinds of machinery such as; tractors, forestry and mining machinery, off-highway trucks, and paving products. The machinery segment also includes logistics services for other companies. The second business segment that Caterpillar operates in is engines. This includes the design, manufacture, marketing, and†¦show more content†¦As reported in The Globe and Mail on March 22, 2012, Raymond James analyst Theoni Pilarinos points out that Caterpillar’s latest figures, while still impressive, show a moderate decrease in sales growth. Machi nery sales in February fell to 21 percent from 27 percent in January, while engines sales growth decreased to 13 percent from 22 percent. This somewhat troubling trend also extended to Caterpillars global operations. In the Asia/Pacific region, growth slowed from 31 percent in December 2011 to 20 percent in February 2012 (CBS News March 20, 2012). This drop in sales may suggest that Caterpillar has reached its’ peak and is likely to come back down to Earth, along with their stock price. It is never smart to invest in a company that has likely reached their peak, since there is nowhere to go but down. Investors should be wary of this news and should probably hold off on buying Caterpillar’s stock until the price inevitably comes back down due to the slow sales growth. Financial Ratios Potential investors examining Caterpillar’s stock’s value will see that Cat outperforms the competition in almost every area concerning stock valuation. Earnings per share is a measure of a company’s net income relative to the number of shares of common stock outstanding. Caterpillar’s earnings per share of 7.40 dominated the industry in 2011. The second best EPS in the industry was 3.91, posted by CNH Global.Show MoreRelatedCompany Analysis : Caterpillar Inc Company1638 Words   |  7 PagesCaterpillar Inc Company Analysis The Company For the last 90 years, Caterpillar Inc. continues making growth possible while promoting constructive change throughout the world. However, customers turn to Caterpillar for the assistance of expanding infrastructure, energy, and natural resources. Sales and revenues for 2014 were $55.184 billion netting $3.695 billion, which were just below 2013 numbers of $55.656 billion resulting in $3.789 billion. Caterpillar is the front-runner for the manufacturingRead MoreCaterpillar, Inc. Financial Analysis1743 Words   |  7 Pagesï ¿ ¼Caterpillar, Inc. Financial Analysis ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Andrew Hutson, John Beckman, Patrick Gregory, Marquese Martin-Hayes 25 September 2014 CATERPILLAR, INC: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 1 Company Summary Caterpillar is a machinery manufacturing company headquartered in Peoria, Illinois. Established in 1925, Caterpillar has become the largest domestic manufacturer of construction, mining and agricultural machinery. After becoming a leader in each of those three industries domestically, Caterpillar has branched out intoRead MoreThe And Construction Machinery Industry1650 Words   |  7 PagesMachinery Industry, n.d.). Therefore, Caterpillar edges out the competition in regards to return on equity while falling short of the benchmark average for the industry. Asset Utilization Ratios The asset utilization ratios consist of receivables turnover, average collection period, inventory turnover, fixed asset turnover, and total asset turnover. The Caterpillar ratio analysis will focus on receivables turnover and inventory turnover. Receivables turnover is a company s total sales divided by receivablesRead MoreCaterpillar Analysis1709 Words   |  7 PagesCaterpillar Inc. Analysis FIN400 – Analyzing Financial Statements June 23, 2013 Caterpillar Inc. Analysis Caterpillar Inc. is a global company headquartered Peoria, Illinois. They specialize in the manufacturing and selling of construction, mining, and farm equipment. Caterpillar Financial Services is a subsidiary company that offers financing options to their customers. I currently work of a construction company and I specialize in the accounting management of the company’sRead MoreCaterpillar, America s Best Representation Of Corporate Sustainability Essay833 Words   |  4 Pages Caterpillar, America’s best representation of corporate sustainability! In researching this company I found that Caterpillar to be one of America’s best. I would like to invest a quarter of a million dollars into the Powering the Future Sustainably program; Focusing on the L.E.A.D. project (Leadership Excellence in Accountability and Development). LEAD is a program within Caterpillar, which is made up of three eight man teams that are to analyze and solve existing problems in the company whileRead MoreEssay about Review of Caterpillars Code of Ethics1012 Words   |  5 PagesReview of Caterpillars’ Code of Ethics Caterpillar Incorporated (Caterpillar) is the world’s top in manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines and industrial gas turbines. In 2008, Caterpillar reported sales revenue of $51.3 billion dollars from domestic and worldwide operations (Caterpillar, 2008). As reported in Caterpillar’s 2008 Annual Report, Caterpillar is a worldwide company with 67% of their sales from outside of the United States (Caterpillar, 2008)Read MoreCase Study on Komatsu Limited1578 Words   |  7 PagesTakeuchi Mining Company was founded. A major expansion occurred in 1917 when the Komatsu Iron Works was established to manufacture mining equipment and machine tools. The name Komatsu came into existence in 1921 when iron works separated from the mining company to become KOMATSU ltd. Despite a name that means â€Å"little pine tree†, Komatsu produces line up of big equipment. The company is the world’s second largest manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, after Caterpillar Inc. KomatsuRead MoreEssay about Case Study: Caterpillar Inc.1240 Words   |  5 Pages1. Why was Caterpillar able to meet Japanese competition and succeed where other major US manufacturers failed? Due the leadership of Glen Barton, who was with Caterpillar from 1964 to 2004? Barton began his direction of Caterpillar at a time when there was weakened demand for its products in many markets around the world. By quickly redirecting its efforts into areas that showed more demand (such as smaller machines and truck engines), the company substantially outperformed its stiff competitionRead MoreCaterpillar: Organizational Structure and Corporate Management Controls1092 Words   |  5 Pagescustomer focus, position the company to build deep expertise in product development. âž ¢ A key change in the aligned structure is the creation of five end-to-end Machine Business Divisions: Mining, Quarry Waste, Excavation, Earthmoving and Building Construction Products. âž ¢ The alignment also introduces three new regional Distribution Services Divisions within Caterpillar, replacing the company s current marketing arms. 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The Role of Women in the Tragedy of Julius Caesar free essay sample

Women play a minor role in the overall plot of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar by William Shakespeare but without them, two of the main characters: Brutus and Caesar would be incomplete and certain language could not be used. Shakespeare uses the two women: Portia and Calphurnia to show the audience the other side(s) of Brutus and Caesars characters and as R. Moore says in his article Women in Julius Caesar They also provide elements of love and loyalty in a play that is largely concerned with death and intrigue. (1) Portia is Brutuss wife and a very strong character, she shows us firstly that not all women follow the stereotype and are womanly as most men seem to assume. We know men of that time assumed this because it is considered a great insult to be called womanly and the insult is supposed to be directed at your strength of character. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Women in the Tragedy of Julius Caesar or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This is shown through out the play and Cassius uses it more than necessary an example of this is when he states, Our fathers minds are dead/ And we are governed by our mothers spirits. (I. ii. 82-83. Shakespeare). Portia, as the wife of Brutus and the daughter of Cato, is different and she sees herself as such. She is a stoic and a very strong woman both physically and mentally and she proves this many times in the play. The first time is when she stabs herself to show Brutus that she is capable of bearing his secret. She does this as she equates strength of body with strength of mind which would mean since she could stab herself she could bear Brutuss secret. Although Portia is in that way more manly she still retains the qualities woman possess, I have a mans mind but a womans might. (II. iv. 8. Shakespeare) illustrates that point exactly. By using her womanly qualities she implores Brutus to tell her his secret after failing to do so with her more manly virtues. It is not clear in the play whether or not Brutus tells her but by showing us these scenes with Portia we have more of an idea of what type of person Brutus is and how hard it is for him to decide to kill his best friend Caesar. Por tia continues to show her strength all the way through the play till she dies and this fact is well expressed by R. Moore: Her anxiety over Brutuss mission, she also considers a weakness, as though love were a weakness. Her final proof of strength comes when she horribly kills herself [by swallowing hot coals] because of Anthonys growing power which is a threat to her husband. (1) Calphurnia on the other hand is more stereotypical but she serves to show us the more private side of Caesar. Caesar has apparently become somewhat superstitious of late so when Calphurnia dreams of his death and places great importance on it and how soon it is to pass. He tends to believe her and to make sure he asks for a sacrifice to be made. Caesar still trying to suppress his more womanly side tells Calphurnia that her dreams might just be for the common people but Calphurnia stands her ground and replies: When beggars die there are no comets seen;/ The heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes. (Shakespeare. II. ii. 30-31) Meaning that all the signs and omens like the thunder and lightening storm that night were for no common people but for the prince which is Caesar. Then Caesar changes tactics and says Cowards die many times before their deaths, /The valiant never taste of death but once. (Shakespeare. II. ii. 2-33) By this he is accepting the fact he might die but he isnt going to waste time fearing death now as who can avoid what the Gods want. But Caesar for his part doesnt want to appear cowardly by not going to the capitol and carries on defending his point and ends by saying in so many words that it should be death that is afraid of him and not the other way round. Calphurnia has by now almost given u p and she tells him that his confidence is overshadowing his wisdom. Then Decius Brutus arrives and proceeds to flatter Caesar while turning Calphurnias dreams around and telling them as if they meant good for Caesar. By doing this he makes Caesar ashamed of heading Calphurnia and therefore also ashamed of yielding to his own weaker side. Calphurnia making a last effort to keep him safe tells him to use her fears as an excuse because for her love is better than courage which is what leads Caesar to die. She fails because unlike Decius Brutus she can offer no manly quality of reason so she as Portia did uses her womanly qualities to beg Caesar to stay home but Caesar doesnt give in to his more womanly side. By this we see that His [Caesars] womanliness is externalized in Calphurnia. (R. Moore. 2) The roles of Portia and Calphurnia in The Tragedy of Julius Caesar are important but still minor as they each show us something important about their husbands. Portia demonstrates to us how much stress and anguish Brutus is dealing with by having to decide between supposedly Rome and killing Caesar. While Calphurnia shows us Caesar as a husband and a man who rejects the side of him that he needs to listen to and then dies because of the side of him that is the soldier and politician.

Twelve Days of Christmas and True Love free essay sample

Title of Paper Your Name Course/Number Date Instructor Name (Doctoral students must include the following on the title page instead: title, author’s name, and institution name) Title of Paper 3. How many ways can you make change for a $50 bill using $5, $10, and $20 bills? 7. Marc goes to the store with exactly $1. 00 in change. He has at least one of each coin less than half-dollar coin, but he does not have a half dollar coin. a. What is the least number of coins he could have? b. What is the greatest number of coins he could have? 1. Recall the song â€Å"The Twelve Days of Christmas†: On the first day of Christmas my true love gave to me a partridge in a pear tree. We will write a custom essay sample on Twelve Days of Christmas and True Love or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On the second day of Christmas my true love gave to me two turtle doves and a partridge in a pear tree. On the third day of Christmas my true love gave to me three French hens, two turtle doves, and a partridge in a pear tree. This pattern continues for 9 more days. After 12 days, a. which gifts did my true love give the most? (Yes, you will have to remember the song. ) b. ow many total gifts did my true love give to me? 13. Suppose you throw three darts at the target pictured below. All of the darts hit the target for a score. What are all the different possible scores? 14. The following is a magic square (all rows, columns, and diagonals sum to the same number). Find the value of each variable. References This is a hanging indent. To keep the hanging indent format, simply delete this line of text using the backspace key, and replace the information with your reference entry.

The Negative Effects of Computer Hacking free essay sample

INTRODUCTION Thesis statement: Computer Hacking satisfies obsession for forbidden information and exploitation of skills. I. General Consideration Hacking has been around for more than a century. At first, the term â€Å"hacker† was a positive term for a person with a mastery of computers who could push programs beyond what they were designed to do. But because of the exploitation of these knowledge and the obsession to forbidden information, it soon became a threat to computer technology. The root of computer hacking was dated back in the early 1960’s by a group of university students, especially in M. I. T. and Stanford. II. Statement of the Problem The researcher wants to know the answers to these following inquiries: A. What is hacking? A hacker? B. What are the different types of hackers? C. Why do hackers hack? D. What are the basic principles of a hacker? E. What are the negative effects of hacking in the society? F. We will write a custom essay sample on The Negative Effects of Computer Hacking or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What are the ways to minimize potential for hacking? III. Objectives of the Problem A. To know more about hacking and hackers. B. To educate people about the negative effects of hacking. C. To prevent hackers in manipulating private information. D. To observe the effect of computer hacking in the modern world. IV. Importance of the Problem I choose this topic because as an IT student, this will be very helpful in my studies since this is related to my course and the benefits that I can get from this is I will be knowledgeable about the facts in computer hacking so that I will be able to fight hackers as part of my future occupation. Another reason is so that since I will be knowledgeable, I can educate people about its dangerous effects it can cause us and to find a solution for it. V. Definition of Terms A, Hacking intruding into computer systems by stealth and without permission or any crime committed with, by, through, or against a computer. B. Hacker A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. C, Webpage A Web page is what you see on the Net. One page with text and graphics. These can be about anything the author of the page wants it to be about. D. Software Software is a general term for the various kinds of programs used to operate computers and related devices. E. Programming creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something. F. Cracking – the art of decoding something. G. Cracker is someone who breaks into someone elses computer system, often on a network; bypasses passwords or licenses in computer programs; or in other ways intentionally breaches computer security. H. Filters A program that accepts a certain type of data as input, transforms it in some manner, and then outputs the transformed data. I. Computer System A set of related but unconnected components (hardware) of a computer or data-processing system. J. Install – to place or to put something in the computer for use. K. The Pentagon a five-sided building in Arlington, Va. , in which the main offices of the U. S. Department of Defense are located; hence, the U. S. military establishment. L. Patches is a quick-repair job for a piece of programming. M. Ethics A theory or a system of moral values. N. Server A computer that processes requests for HTML and other documents that are components of web pages. O. Virus an unsanctioned and self-replicating program which, when activated, corrupts a computers data and disables its operating system. DISCUSSION A. What is hacking? A hacker? Today the term â€Å"hacking† is used routinely to mean intruding into computer systems by stealth and without permission or any crime committed with, by, through, or against a computer. Hacking signified the unfettered exploration of computer systems for the sake of the intellectual challenge. It involved both the search for the unknown and forbidden and the joy in the art of programming. (Pipkin : 1997) Computer hacking always involves some degree of infringement on the privacy of others or damage to computer-based property such as files, webpages or software. â€Å"Computer Hacking† : http://www. ed. uiuc. edu/up/crime/hacking. htm) Hackers are obsessed with forbidden information. Their interest and ability to access this forbidden information have surrounded hackers with other people who hunger for this information to use for personal gain or social anarchy. (Pipkin : 1997) A Hacker can be defined as: 1. A person who enjoys e xploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. 2. One who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing it. . A person capable of appreciating hack value. 4. A person who is good at programming quickly. 5. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work on it. 6. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example. 7. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming limitations. 8. A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. (â€Å"Computer Hacking† : http://www. ed. uiuc. edu/up/crime/hacking. htm) B. What are the different types of hackers? a. In-House Hacker is someone who is a valid user on a system but decides for whatever reason to perform unauthorized acts. This is often a dishonest employee and can be anyone from an end user who has access to the company ’s data, to a system programmer, who knows the system inside and out and has the ability to turn the system upside down. This type of hacker causes damage to a company’s computers and data. b. Superhacker does not brag and does not post information on the bulletin boards; rather, he watches what others are doing and absorbs the information about new and different ways to compromise a system. He moves freely throughout computer systems taking what he wants without leaving a trace. c. Professional Hacker It is a new breed of hacker. He is professionally trained to gather information from any means available. He has the social skills to get people to give him information and the technical skills to attack systems successfully. Most of them got their training from government intelligence agencies around the globe. What differentiates them from other hackers is that they hack for a very specific target with the value of the information in mind. Their information gathering maybe for government intelligence or more often corporate espionage. They are often a hacker-for-hire. (Pipkin : 1997) C. Why do hackers hack? Some hackers are anarchists wanting to perform random acts of violence, or wanting to become famous; others have a personal score to settle with someone or some company, while others plan to get rich stealing information on the electronic frontier and hack only for the financial rewards. Still others are classic hackers who just want to learn how systems work and hack for the thrill and excitement. (Pipkin : 1997) D. What are the basic principles of a hacker? In his book, Fighting Computer Crime: A New Framework for Protecting Information (1998), Donn B. Parker lists two basic principles hacker live by: 1. The belief that information sharing is a powerful good and that it is the ethical duty of hackers to share their expertise by writing free software and facilitating access to information and to computing resources whenever possible. 2. The belief that system cracking for fun and exploitation is ethically OK as long as the cracker commits no theft, vandalism or breach of confidentiality. Parker differentiates between benign and malicious hackers based on whether damage is performed, though in reality all hacking involves intrusion and a disregard for the efforts, works and property of others. E. What are the negative effects of hacking in the society? Computer hacking has greatly affected our modern society. And one who is greatly affected by these is the youth. As we all have seen, most common reports about hackers who are caught are mostly students. Some of the factors why youth involve in hacking is also because of influence. Most of the movies, especially action films, have hackers as one of the protagonists in the story. If they portray it that way, people will think of it as cool and not wrong. These hypothetical car thieves would be wrong, of course, in making that argument. They might lack the sensitivity needed to give weight to the victims feelings of manipulation, of fear, of anger. They may not understand how the experience of such a random attack can leave a person feeling a profound loss of order and safety in the world. Some adolescents dont have the empathy to see beyond the issue of loss of property. Some may show empathy in certain situations but not in others. The point is that the computer raises no new issue, ethical or pragmatic. The password hacker who says â€Å"we arent hurting anything by looking around is exactly analogous to the joyrider saying â€Å"we arent stealing the car permanently. The professional car thief and the teenaged joyrider are both social problems, but theyre different problems. To confuse the twoto treat the teenager like a career criminalwould be a disastrously self-fulfilling prophecy. There is also a middle ground between the young person who happens to break unimportant rules in the innocent exercise of intellectual curiosity and the hardened criminal. Consider the hypothetical case of a young man whose girlfriend moves to Australia for a year, and so he builds himself a blue box (a device used to place long distance telephone calls without paying for them) and uses it to chat with her for an hour every other day. This is not intellectual curiosity, nor is it a deliberate, long-term choice of a life of crime. Instead, this hypothetical adolescent, probably normally honest, has stepped over a line without really noticing it, because his mind is focused on something else. It would be inappropriate, I think, to pat him on the head and tell him how clever he is, and equally inappropriate to throw him in prison. What we must do is call his attention to the inconsistency between his activities and, most likely, his own moral standards. (â€Å"Computer Hacking and Ethics. † : http://www. cs. berkley. edu/~bh/hackers. html) Another that is greatly affected by the negative effects of computer hacking is the government. Having read an article about Pentagon worries about Chinese hackers, it tells about the Pentagon was sensing some intrusions from there concealed server which they find coming from China. They also said there were also some intrusions in different countries also coming from China. It was said that base on the infiltration, it is likely to be a preparation for the cyber-warfare from the Chinese military. (â€Å"Chinese Hacking worries Pentagon† : http://articles. latimes. com/2008/mar/04/world/fg-uschina4) As what I’ve read, even hacking is used to sabotage confidential files in the military which can be the result of war between countries. And lastly, Also Businesses are also greatly affected by these. Again, I also have read an article about this. Some companies in UK and also some part of the globe have cost billions for this issue. A problem of the companies is that â€Å"Too many companies have waited until an incident hits them before putting counter-measures in place. While awareness of the threats has never been higher, many businesses are still finding their precautions are inadequate, warned PwCs information security partner Chris Potter. Unfortunately, no computer software is immune from criminal attacks, warned software giant Microsoft. The security skills gap illustrated in the survey is an important issue, said Stuart Okin, Microsoft Europes chief security officer. There is a need for the industry to work together to minimise risks to information security. Computer Associates, which helped sponsor the survey, also called for an integrated approach to security threats. Without this, it said, companies would continue to play into the hands of the hacking community. By this, it only means that hacking also is being a threat to business men because their companies are being sabotage and if large companies are endangered, it will greatly affect economic status of one’s country. (â€Å"Computer hacking costs billions † : http://news. bbc. co. k/2/hi/business/3663333. stm) F. What are the ways to minimize potential for hacking? There are only three aspects of information security: †¢ Protect †¢ Detect †¢ Respond Protect system by keeping the system current with the security patches and valid configurations. Detect intruders by installing and monitoring all prudent detection software. Respond to security incident as you have previously established in your security policy. Security is everyone’s responsibility. Users must select good passwords and current and install security patches, as well as keep aware of current security issues. System vendors/suppliers must start shipping systems with an operating system that is more secure out of the box and the software suppliers must design their products with security in mind. KEEP THE SYSTEM CURRENT Keeping the system current is extremely important in keeping systems secure. A system that is well managed, with a system manager who keeps current with the activities of his system and its users, is much less likely to become the victim of a successful attack. Install the Most Current Software New versions of software fix known bugs that could have been used to compromise a system, sometimes without any notification of repair. It is more likely that older versions of software have had their behavior studied and their flaws exploited. Most security incidents are caused by exploiting known security problems, generally with older software. Install Security Patches By the time a security issue has been defined and a repair has been released for it, the hacker community also knows about the problem and how to exploit it. This is why it is imperative that you install all applicable security patches. This will protect you from known problems. Quite often it is these defects that are the basis of tools created to compromise a system that are utilized by unskilled hackers. As a general rule, if you are not using it, take it off the system. This applies to programs, data, accounts, files everything. Removing these things will not only make it more difficult for the hacker to probe and compromise your system; it will also free up resources, disk space, and processor cycles, which in turn will allow you to back up your system more quickly and on fewer removable media, saving you both time and money. (Pipkin:1997) There are a number of ways for schools to minimize potential for hacking. 1. Schools need to clearly establish acceptable use policies and delineate appropriate and inappropriate actions to both students and staff. 2. Students and staff need to instructed regarding hacking, the mentality associated with it, the consequences of various hacking actions and possible consequences of interacting and forming online relationships with anonymous individuals who claim to be proficient in invading others privacy. 3. The use of filters may be considered in reducing access to unauthorized software serial numbers and hacking-related materials, newsgroups, chatrooms and hacking organizations. 4. Teachers need to be aware of student activities in the computer labs and pay special attention to things they hear in terms of hacking behavior. Many schools have taken initiative in having teachers work with technology-oriented students who exhibit many of the characteristics which may eventually lead to hacking-type behaviors. Recent web-based activities and competitions, including ThinkQuest, Web to the Edge and ExploraVision, are outstanding opportunities for these and other technologically oriented students to utilize their interests, energies and abilities in a positive way. (â€Å"Computer Hacking† : http://www. ed. uiuc. du/up/crime/hacking. htm) CONCLUSION I learned that technology has greatly affected the lives of people and it also has changed my perspective in the impact of technology to people. I learned how hackers attack systems and their motives, the different types of hackers, and some techniques or tips on preventing a hacker to hack your system. RECOMMENDATI ON I greatly recommend to the people to use anti-viruses and to secure their systems twice as before, reading guides and awareness about prevention of computer hacking. And to parents who should take authority to their children to stop them from involving themselves in hacking. Works Cited â€Å"Chinese hacking worries Pentagon. † http://articles. latimes. com/2008/mar/04/world/fg-ushina4 â€Å"Computer hacking ‘costs billions’. † http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/business/3663333. stm Harvey, Brian. â€Å"Computer Hacking and Ethics. † http://www. cs. berkeley. edu/~bh/hackers. html Pipkin, Donald L. Halting the Hacker: a practical guide to computer security. Upper Saddle River: A Simon Schuster Company, 1997. Stone, David M. â€Å"Computer Hacking. † http://www. ed. uiuc. edu/up/crime/hacking. htm ABSTRACT Computer Hacking has long been a threat to the society. But this has not started as what it is right now. It only became a problem since programmers started abusing their talents. Hacking has affected greatly on people’s lives. It also affects the economy, the society and even the minds of the youth are being poisoned by the effect of computer hacking. As what I’ve read in some articles, even hacking can sabotage large companies and even the secrets of the government and military. Youth nowadays are much hooked up in computer hacking. They find this cool even though they know the negative effects in causes us because I their mindset, when you know how to hack, people find you a cool person, or sometimes people just want to become famous. But as we all know, every problem has a corresponding solution. The only one who can defeat a hacker is a hacker also. Since a hacker knows what his co-hacker is thinking, he also knows his strategies and plans. There are also a lot of preventive tips on the net to prevent a hacker in intruding your system or your files. I know that we cannot stop this dilemma, but I hope that we can prevent them from increasing by as an individual, to not involve in hacking and better to fight it.

Recreating Society- banning the N word

Recreating Society- banning the N word Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Nigga what? Nigga who? Nigga what, nigga who? Switcha flow, getcha dough; can’t fuck with this Roc-a-Fella shit doe. Switcha flow, getcha dough; cant fuck with this Roc-a-Fella shit doe. Cant fuck with me. Motherfuckers wanna act loco, hit em wit, numerous shots with the fo-fo’. All night get you wide up inside the telly. (Nigga what?). Make you think you can fuck with me. (Nigga who?). Recognize girl, Jay to the Z† (AZ Lyrics). These are examples of the lyrics that many people, who listen to rap music, will hear on a daily basis. The word nigga, as it is used in this song, with an â€Å"a† at the end, means friend or homie. It was originally derived from the word nigger, which back during the days of slavery and hate, referred to all African. The problem is that many people want the word banned because is its past connotation â€Å"as an expression of affection, as a joshing taunt, as a subversive appropriation of a word that still retains its power to wound† (Taylor). The word nigga is used in the every day vocabulary of many blacks. Most choose to say it, and others do not. The problem occurs when it blacks say it to each other nonchalantly, without knowing or without caring about the historical meaning of the word. There are many blacks who believe that people who use it are ignorant regardless of how it is used, and forming what we know today as the â€Å"uppity negro,† or a black person who thinks they are better than other blacks. There is already enough competition and tension within society as it is without having to increase it within a certain race. The city of New York has put an â€Å"official moratorium, a symbolic motion which carries no fine and is partly meant to stop the term from being used casually by youth and in music, on the n-word† (Shepherd). This got many legislatures thinking about banning the word all together because â€Å"it remains a principal symbol of white racism regardless of who is using it† (Middleton). There are many people who support the idea of banning the word nigger, but there are many who believe that banning the word would be taking away our first amendment right to freedom of speech, one of the many rights blacks fought for doing the civil rights movement. Beside the fact that people are using the word toward one another, it is the fact that people are using the word without knowing its true origins. â€Å"Historically, nigger defined, limited, made fun of, and ridiculed all Blacks,† and it is this historic humiliation which irks so many and constitutes it reasoning to be banned (Middleton). But, would actually banning the word solve the problem? Then comes problem of â€Å"†¦blacks [making themselves into] prisoners of the past or the ugly words that originated in the past† (Middleton). Most blacks do not use the word nigger but instead the word nigga, but there is also the argument that â€Å"nigger is the ultimate expression of white racism and white superiority no matter how it is pronounced† (Middleton). It has gotten so bad that many people who support the ban of the word have gone to the â€Å"RIAA with a request that the Academy refrain from nominating musicians for Grammy Awards if they use the term in their lyrics†, and with this request society has no choice but to prepare for the uprising that is yet to come (Shepherd). Instead of banning a word, which constitutionally is not possible, allow the word to be recreated. Society and blacks should be allowed to recreate the word nigger into the word nigga, and show that we can take something negative and turn it into something positive; also we are not allowing the past to haunt us by banning a word, but surpassing the future by allowing it to be recreated. The word nigger has a horrible and demeaning origin, but banning the word will not get rid of the hurt that it caused many blacks so long ago, and besides â€Å"when it comes to this sort of cleaning up of history, the result is of course, to erase history itself, and thus our ability to learn anything from it,† and that is only making the problem worse because we are being limited to a history which has helped to form such a diverse and intelligent race. Blacks have come a long way from being illiterate slaves to intelligent men and women. And with this intelligence have decided to take a word that once burdened them and turned it into just an ordinary word. The word nigga â€Å"has to be understood in its situation; repeated use of the word by Blacks will make it less offensive,† and although it may have come from a hateful word, they mean two different things. I sent a questionnaire to students in my English and Criminal Justice class asking them what they felt about the issue, and about twenty-five percent said that if nigga could be recreated and added into the dictionary then anyone should be allowed to say it. Which is true, as long as those other races have a clear understanding of the root word from which the word nigga came from, and as long as it is not being used to disrespect another race. Most races which use the word are not using it to be rude or insensitive, they are using it to sound hip or cool, but blac ks seem to have this double standard of living. We still believe that we are owed our forty acres and a mule, when in reality that is the ignorance which is holding us back, not the use of the word nigga. Many people want to blame rap music for the insecurities which they feel within themselves. But â€Å"hip-hop artists rap about what they see, hear, and feel around them, their experiences of the world. â€Å"†¦their messages are a mirror of what is right and wrong with society. Sometimes their observations or the way in which they choose to express their art may be uncomfortable for some to hear, but our job is not to silence or censor that expression,† which is exactly the reason why the Academy did not listen to all of the supporters who went to the RIAA (Stokes). Yes, children grow up listening to rap music most of their lives, but it is up to the parents and teachers to teach the young children about the word nigger and what it means. Banning a word because of its origins is limiting us to our freedom of speech. The word nigger and nigga should both be allowed to be in the dictionary, with a clear understanding and distinction between the two. The word nigger has had its turn to overshadow the hard work that blacks have put into making a better name for themselves. Nigga may not be that much of a better word, but it is a word which shows uprising and empowerment. It is a word that regardless of who doesn’t like it, will not and cannot be banned. Research Papers on Recreating Society- banning the "N" wordHip-Hop is ArtWhere Wild and West MeetHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoAnalysis Of A Cosmetics Advertisement19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraCapital PunishmentQuebec and CanadaThe Spring and AutumnThe Effects of Illegal Immigration