Stevie Wonder and Ludwig Van Beethoven - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1000 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/10/30 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Ludwig van Beethoven Essay Did you like this example? This paper is going to compare the hardships and careers of Ludwig Van Beethoven and Stevie Wonder. Both of these men are exceptional musicians whom of which had to deal with physical disabilities during their careers. Stevie Wonders condition is attributed to a dislocated nerve in one eye and a cataract in the other. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Stevie Wonder and Ludwig Van Beethoven" essay for you Create order He was born prematurely which exposed him to a condition known as Retinopathy of Prematurity. It is an eye disease where the blood vessels in the eye dont grow properly for an unknown reason. During the 1940s there was an outbreak of this disease with close to 12,000 premature children as a result suffering from blindness this included Stevie Wonder. Being premature by one month, as a baby he was put into an incubator which also may have contributed to his loss of sight. Stevie Wonders life was hugely impacted by his impairment, but his spirit was never restrained by it. He often quoted that he was glad he was blind as it gave him the gift of never judging a book by its cover. However, whereas Stevie was born with is disability Beethoven gradually became deaf in his mid-life. Although the cause was never fully proven, it was considered it could be from either arterial disease or to contracting typhus in 1796. A discredited theory of lead poisoning has also been recently noted. A finalized cause for his mid-tile loss of hearing has never been defined. Wonder began to develop his ear to the sounds of the world as a young child. Being blind forced Wonder to adapt and focus on his ability to hear and fine-tuned it. His mother and brothers helped him to pay close attention to sound and develop skills to decipher its origins. As a result of the help of his family Wonders hearing became extremely good at a young age. Music had become a very important aspect of Wonders life as a child. His mother sang gospel music at the local church and encourage her son to participate. At age 2 Wonders rhythm skills were noted when he was using spoons as drums. He was able to create a complex rhythm and play it persistently. As he grew, drums continued to be an interest along with many other instruments. His dedicated interest in the harmonica became a gateway to excellence as he was able to find the impressive range on the instrument. In order to improve on the harmonica, he began to listen to blues records and imitate their sounds. It wasnt long befo re the music began to take over his life. Wonder used to practice singing with a friend named John Glover, cousin to Ronnie White (founding member of recording music group Miracles). Glover contacted his cousin to come to hear Wonder sing and this is where he was first discovered. His career took flight at age 11 thanks to friend Ronnie White, who introduced him to the record label Tamla Records. He was signed under the name Little Stevie Wonder and was coached by many of the senior musicians at the label. After trying out many different styles, Stevie Wonder released his first album in 1962 called The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie Wonder. It was an instrumental album with no vocals. It showcased his musical talent towards several different instruments. His next album was named Tribute to Uncle Ray and was a homage to Ray Charles. Neither of these albums were big hits as he hadnt developed his own sound yet. In order to make his name known, the label put Wonder on the countrywide Motow n River tour, where a tutor joined in order to fulfill his educational requirements. This tour is where he developed his stage persona and skills. On tour, Wonder found his first hit single, entitled Fingertips- Part 2. This was the song that made him famous and entitled him as a boy genius in music. Musical talent ran in the family, especially in Beethovens grandfather. He had a fantastic singing voice and at the age of 21 was a court musician. His grandfather was a Kapellmeister (the head of all court music) before age 50. Beethovens father was also a good singer as well but fell victim to alcoholism. His grandfather had hopes of Beethoven achieving the Kapellmeister position just like himself. so he began his musical education at a young age. They discussed great composers of the time and sang together. This ended at age 3 when Beethovens grandfather passed away. After his passing, Johann took over the musical teachings and hired a piano, oboe and flute musician to teach Beethoven. This teacher taught with Beethoven for a year but then moved out of the country. Another teacher named Christian Gottlob Neefe was Beethovens new teacher. He was a composer himself and helped Beethoven note on paper his first compositions. The first performance Beethoven ever gave was on the 26th of March, 1778 at 7 years old where he played various pieces of the piano. Within the first year that Neefe started teaching him, he published his first work. This composition was called Variations on a March by Dressler. Although good, these variations produced very little attention. In 1783 at age 12, Beethoven published his first composition that was entirely his own. These three piano sonatas were called Kurfursten Sonatas Wo0 47. Shortly after, Johann was unable to manage his alcoholism and provide income for his family. Beethoven formally requested an official appointment as Assistant Court Organist, and despite how young he was, he got the job. In 1787 the court decided to send Beethoven to Vienna to study with Mozart. A few short weeks into the study he learned that his mother was ill and rushed back home. His mother died a short few months later which put him into a depression. Therefore Beethoven and Wonder both has very similar starts to their careers and both battled with adversity in the form of a disability. They were both successful and have become legends in the musical world and are still discussed today and will be forever.

A Feminist Analysis Of The Monkey House And Miss...

A Feminist Analysis of â€Å"Welcome to the Monkey House† and â€Å"Miss Temptation† Kurt Vonnegut is known for his dark humor, wit, and imagination. He is consistently listed among the great American authors of the later twentieth century and his novel’s such as Cat’s Cradle and Slaughterhouse Five are considered modern classics. In this essay, I will focus on two of Vonnegut’s short stories â€Å"Welcome to the Monkey House† (1968) which takes place in a dystopian future where everyone is required to take pills that take all the pleasure out of sex and â€Å"Miss Temptation† (1959) which takes place in a small east coast town by looking at them through a feminist lense. Both stories come to the same ultimate conclusion that over-moralization of human†¦show more content†¦When Nancy counters this with â€Å"you certainly manage to make a woman feel like an object rather than a person,† Billy’s response is  "thank the pills for that.† This moment is presented as one of the first â€Å"lessons† that Billy teaches Nancy, that the pills are bad and somehow making her less of a woman. However, what it really suggests is that a woman isn’t worth listening to if her sexuality isn’t involved. Once Nancy reaches Billy’s hideout, other women are more than happy to assist him in raping her. It is later revealed that all of these other women were also once raped by Billy but have now â€Å"they understand† and â€Å"they’re grateful.† The fact that these victims would not only be happy to assist their rapist and kidnapper but also are described as almost worshipping him seems to suggest more of a Stockholm syndrome situation instead of one where Billy has â€Å"saved† them. Billy obviously holds the power within his â€Å"gang† and these women are willing to do whatever it takes to help him rape other women. The idea that all th ese women needed to become grateful was to be forcefully â€Å"deflowered† by Billy perpetuates the patriarchal idea that women need to be introduced (often forcefully) to their own sexuality. Instead of just letting the women stop taking their pills and then waiting for them to make their ownShow MoreRelatedLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesbeen broken all week. The prosecutor has also proved that Mayfield arrived at the grocery that night at about 2 a.m. The evidence for that is that the time was on the grocery receipt found in his wastebasket when the police arrested Mayfield at his house later that morning. Mayfield matches the general description of the robber given by the clerk at 2:30 a.m., when she talked to the police. So weve got to conclude that Mayfield was in the store at 2 a.m. and that the robbery occurred before 2:30

Oppression of First Nation People Free Essays

string(62) " of mistrust toward care providers \(Browne and Fiske 2001\)\." How is it that the indigenous of Canada transpire into the minority and oppressed? Specifically, how are First Nations women vulnerable to multiple prejudices? What are the origins of prejudice oppression experienced by First Nations women in Canada,   how has this prejudice been maintained, what is its impact and how can it best be addressed? Ever since the late 1400’s when the European discovered North America they brought along with them a practice of domination leaving the first nation people with very little rights forcing them to stand defenceless. Ever since the settlers arrived, the lives of the First Nation people have forever been damaged with the implementation of new ways of living. These changes have created an image of what First Nations people are prejudiced as. We will write a custom essay sample on Oppression of First Nation People or any similar topic only for you Order Now These prejudices have lead to stereotypes and even forms of discrimination and racism. Unfortunately, the majority of the beliefs are negative and have been widespread amongst non First Nations people. Some of the unfortunate cultural stereotypes that exist in today’s society are that First Nations people are; poor, uneducated, dirty, bad parents, and alcoholics. These beliefs and attitudes can all be rooted from practices that European settlers have indirectly instilled within Canada’s institutional procedure. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system. The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women. Health care is a direct reflection of the social, political, economic, and ideological relations that exist between patients and the dominant health care system (Browne and Fiske 2001). Internal colonial politics throughout the years has had a major influence on the dominant health care system in Canada; this has resulted in the marginalization of First Nations people. The colonial legacy of subordination of Aboriginal people has resulted in a ultiple jeopardy for Aboriginal women who face individual and institutional discrimination, and disadvantages on the basis of race, gender, and class (Gerber, 1990; Dion Stout, 1996;Voyageur, 1996). This political reality is alive in the structural and institutional level but most importantly originated from the individual level that has affected the health care experience by First Nations w omen. According to the 2006 Statistics Canada, First Nations people surpassed the one-million mark, reaching 1,172,790 (Stats Canada, 2006). As the population seems to increase, a linear relationship seems to arise with hopelessness in health. Therefore, as First Nations people population increase so is the disparity in health. In comparison to non- First Nations people, there seems to be a large gap with health care service. It use to be assumed that the reason why First Nations people try to avoid conventional health care and instead prefer using healing and spiritual methods. According to a survey conducted, Waldram (1990) found that urban First Nations people continue to utilize traditional healing practices while living in the city, particularly as a complement to contemporary health. This means that they do in fact use conventional health care but also take part in healing practices. According to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, statistics showed that: †¢The life expectancy of registered Indian women was 6. 9 years fewer than for women in the total population. †¢Mortality rates in were 10. 5 per 1,000 compared to 6. 5 for all women. †¢Unemployment rates in for women on reserve (26. 1%) were more than 2. 5 times higher than for non-Aboriginal women (9. 9%), with overall unemployment on reserves estimated at 43%. In urban centers, 80% to 90% of Aboriginal female-led households were found to exist below the poverty line, resulting largely from dependence on meagre levels of social assistance (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, n. d. ). These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fi ske 2001). Health care for First Nations people, specifically for those who live in reserve communities receiving federally run services, has been founded on colonial ideology. This allowed and influenced the beginning of dependency of the First Nations people upon the European policy makers (Browne and Fiske 2001). First Nations women have been exceptionally affected. A severe example of oppression in health care was the sterilization of First Nations women in the early 1970s, reportedly without their full consent. During the late 1960s and the early 1970s, a policy of involuntary surgical sterilization was imposed upon Native American women, usually without their knowledge or consent (First Nations). This practice was a federally funded service . Such sterilization practices are clearly a blatant breach of the United Nations Genocide Convention, which declares it an international crime to impose â€Å"measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group (First Nations). Policies such as these allowed for the First Nations women to stay defenceless. Today there are still many examples of how systemically prejudice still exists. Today, Canadian nurses and physicians often hold and maintain negative stereotypes about aboriginal men, women and children, in turn, provide health care that is not â€Å"culturally sensitive† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For instance, nurses may ask more probing questions regarding domestic violence and make more referrals about suspected child abuse for aboriginal clients than for white clients. Studies with aboriginal Canadian women also reveal that some participant feel their health concerns are trivialized, dismissed or neglected due to stereotypic beliefs of nurses and physicians (Browne and Fiske 2001). Some aboriginal women have even reported feeling like outsiders who are not entitled to health care services. This indicates that aboriginal people`s negative experience with health care professionals have compromised the quality of care they receive. This then reinforces their perception that aboriginal values are not respected by the western medical establishment and instilled feelings of mistrust toward care providers (Browne and Fiske 2001). You read "Oppression of First Nation People" in category "Essay examples" Marginalization from dominant political, economic, social, and health sectors arises from and reinforces racial stereotypes that contribute to views of Aboriginal people as â€Å"other† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For example, all those that are recognized as having â€Å"Status Indians,† members of the First Nation community they are entitled to non-insured health benefits that no other Canadians receive. This has created bitterness and hatred from members of the dominant society with respect to â€Å"free† health services and often is seen as an addition of welfare. Members of the First Nation are acutely aware of the views commonly held by members of the dominant society and recognize that these perceptions contribute to negative stereotypes and the processes of â€Å"othering† that further alienates them from the dominant health sector † (Browne and Fiske 2001). In addition to having the Indian status card, residential school practices have had an influence on individuals. This again is an illustration of political power that had an influence on the mistreatment and abuse of children at these schools. From 1917 to 1946, children of this First Nation were compelled to attend residential school to receive an education (Nelson, 2006). At these schools that are supposed to be a building of which education is suppose to be taught there were many instances of physical and sexual abuses that created a lifetime of fear, humiliation, and mistrust. These abuses and the shame expectancies taught by the very strict teachings of sexual modesty and morality are compounded by the lived experiences of maltreatment (Nelson, 2006). The social harm of enforced residential schooling is enormous; this combined with economic and political relations shape women’s health care. Many First Nations women feel as though there are dismissed by their health care providers. They believe their health concerns or symptoms were not taken seriously. They were either seen as inconsequential or simply dismissed by providers of which predominantly were doctors or Nurses (Nelson, 2006). The nurses and doctors assumed there was nothing wrong before assessing the patient’s condition. Individuals feel as though they have to transforming their image to gain credibility. So they feel as though they have to dress up when going to the doctors. The risk of being dismissed was compounded by some women’s reluctance to admit to pain or to outwardly express suffering, which is what they had been taught by their Catholic teachers in residential school (Nelson, 2006). Therefore, they are more likely to wait until there condition is severe before seeking services, since past experiences cause them to fear that she will be dismissed by her provider. In addition, health care providers stereotype First Nations women as being very passive participants in health care. But what they fail to realize is that they again were taught specific ways of expressing respect one of which was to act unassertive (Nelson, 2006). Another prejudice that First Nations encounter by health care providers are the judgments on the women as mothers. Extreme actions are usually taken by hospital staff based on assumptions. This is also another factor leading to individuals trying to transform themselves. They try to change their appearance so that they look like credible medical subjects to be treated equally as the every other patient. Often a difficult task when First Nation people feel like outsiders. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system. The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women. The implications of providing health care to Aboriginal women must be critically analyzed to consider the unique social, political, economic, and historical factors influencing health care encounters at individual and institutional levels (Nelson, 2006). Women of First Nations are aware of the different ways in which racial and gendered stereotypes and economic privation can influence the health care they receive (Nelson, 2006). Health care is a basic necessity that many of us take for granted. This disadvantage is also a representation of a First Nations woman`s everyday social experience. The tendency of Western nurses and doctors to bracket out the sociological and political context of health care encounters involving Aboriginal patients, however, stems from their professional socialization and predominantly middle-class values (O’Neil, 1989). It has been proven that there is in fact an institutional and colonial relationship with health care. Institutions are powerful symbols of Canada`s recent colonial past that currently affects Canadians. First Nations patient today are experiencing discriminatory behaviour from health care providers and as a result disempowering them. The difficulty has been addressed and the time now is to solve this problem. Given the political and ideological context of relations between First Nations people and the Canadian state, power imbalances that give rise to the women’s concerns regarding their health care are unlikely to be redressed without radical changes in the current sociological and political environment (Nelson, 2006). Health practitioners as well as policy makers would need to integrate their work to create health care policies, practices, and educational programs. Moreover, since we are fully aware that systemic institutionalizations are originally rooted from individuals the approach to solve this problem would be by trying to reduce prejudice by changing the prejudiced individual (Morrison Morrison, 2008). It seemed fairly obvious that because prejudice originated from the one who was doing the stereotyping that if society wants to reduce or eliminate such behaviour, it ought to direct its attention to changing that individual (Morrison Morrison, 2008). Thus reduction efforts using education, ad role playing, propaganda and confrontation techniques are examples of attempts to reduce prejudice (Morrison Morrison, 2008). The shift in individual behaviours will in turn change mainstream health care. References Browne, A. J. , and Fiske, J. (2001). First Nations women’s encounters with mainstream health care services. Western Journal of Nursing, 23, 126- 147. Dion Stout, M. D. (1996). Aboriginal Canada:Women and health. Paper prepared for the Canada-U. S. A. Forum onWomen’s Health [Online]. Ottawa, Canada. Available: http://www. c-sc. gc. ca/canusa/papers/canada/english/indigen. htm Forced Sterilization of Native Americans. (n. d. ). In Encyclopedia Net Industries online. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia. jrank. org/articles/pages/6242/Forced-Sterilization-of-Native-Americans. html Gerber, L. M. (1990). Multiple jeopardy: A socio-economic comparison of men and women among the Indian, Metis and Inuit peoples of Canada. C anadian Ethnic Studies, 22(3), 69-84. Morrison, G. T. , Morrison, A. M. (Eds. ). (2008). The psychology of Modern Prejudice. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Nelson, D. T. (2006). The Psychology of Prejudice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. O’Neil, J. D. (1989). The cultural and political context of patient dissatisfaction in cross-cultural clinical encounters: A Canadian Inuit study. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 3(4), 325-344 Stats Canada. (2006). First Nations Health Care. Retrieved from http://www12. statcan. ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng. cfm Voyageur, C. J. (1996). Contemporary Indian women. In D. A. Long O. P. Dickason (Eds. ), Visions of the heart: Canadian aboriginal issues (pp. 93-115). Toronto, Canada: Harcourt Brace How to cite Oppression of First Nation People, Essay examples Oppression of First Nation People Free Essays string(62) " of mistrust toward care providers \(Browne and Fiske 2001\)\." How is it that the indigenous of Canada transpire into the minority and oppressed? Specifically, how are First Nations women vulnerable to multiple prejudices? What are the origins of prejudice oppression experienced by First Nations women in Canada,   how has this prejudice been maintained, what is its impact and how can it best be addressed? Ever since the late 1400’s when the European discovered North America they brought along with them a practice of domination leaving the first nation people with very little rights forcing them to stand defenceless. Ever since the settlers arrived, the lives of the First Nation people have forever been damaged with the implementation of new ways of living. These changes have created an image of what First Nations people are prejudiced as. We will write a custom essay sample on Oppression of First Nation People or any similar topic only for you Order Now These prejudices have lead to stereotypes and even forms of discrimination and racism. Unfortunately, the majority of the beliefs are negative and have been widespread amongst non First Nations people. Some of the unfortunate cultural stereotypes that exist in today’s society are that First Nations people are; poor, uneducated, dirty, bad parents, and alcoholics. These beliefs and attitudes can all be rooted from practices that European settlers have indirectly instilled within Canada’s institutional procedure. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system. The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women. Health care is a direct reflection of the social, political, economic, and ideological relations that exist between patients and the dominant health care system (Browne and Fiske 2001). Internal colonial politics throughout the years has had a major influence on the dominant health care system in Canada; this has resulted in the marginalization of First Nations people. The colonial legacy of subordination of Aboriginal people has resulted in a ultiple jeopardy for Aboriginal women who face individual and institutional discrimination, and disadvantages on the basis of race, gender, and class (Gerber, 1990; Dion Stout, 1996;Voyageur, 1996). This political reality is alive in the structural and institutional level but most importantly originated from the individual level that has affected the health care experience by First Nations w omen. According to the 2006 Statistics Canada, First Nations people surpassed the one-million mark, reaching 1,172,790 (Stats Canada, 2006). As the population seems to increase, a linear relationship seems to arise with hopelessness in health. Therefore, as First Nations people population increase so is the disparity in health. In comparison to non- First Nations people, there seems to be a large gap with health care service. It use to be assumed that the reason why First Nations people try to avoid conventional health care and instead prefer using healing and spiritual methods. According to a survey conducted, Waldram (1990) found that urban First Nations people continue to utilize traditional healing practices while living in the city, particularly as a complement to contemporary health. This means that they do in fact use conventional health care but also take part in healing practices. According to the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, statistics showed that: †¢The life expectancy of registered Indian women was 6. 9 years fewer than for women in the total population. †¢Mortality rates in were 10. 5 per 1,000 compared to 6. 5 for all women. †¢Unemployment rates in for women on reserve (26. 1%) were more than 2. 5 times higher than for non-Aboriginal women (9. 9%), with overall unemployment on reserves estimated at 43%. In urban centers, 80% to 90% of Aboriginal female-led households were found to exist below the poverty line, resulting largely from dependence on meagre levels of social assistance (Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development, n. d. ). These inequities in health and social indicators are perfect examples of the affect of political and economic factors that influence access to health services (Browne and Fi ske 2001). Health care for First Nations people, specifically for those who live in reserve communities receiving federally run services, has been founded on colonial ideology. This allowed and influenced the beginning of dependency of the First Nations people upon the European policy makers (Browne and Fiske 2001). First Nations women have been exceptionally affected. A severe example of oppression in health care was the sterilization of First Nations women in the early 1970s, reportedly without their full consent. During the late 1960s and the early 1970s, a policy of involuntary surgical sterilization was imposed upon Native American women, usually without their knowledge or consent (First Nations). This practice was a federally funded service . Such sterilization practices are clearly a blatant breach of the United Nations Genocide Convention, which declares it an international crime to impose â€Å"measures intended to prevent births within [a national, ethnical, racial or religious] group (First Nations). Policies such as these allowed for the First Nations women to stay defenceless. Today there are still many examples of how systemically prejudice still exists. Today, Canadian nurses and physicians often hold and maintain negative stereotypes about aboriginal men, women and children, in turn, provide health care that is not â€Å"culturally sensitive† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For instance, nurses may ask more probing questions regarding domestic violence and make more referrals about suspected child abuse for aboriginal clients than for white clients. Studies with aboriginal Canadian women also reveal that some participant feel their health concerns are trivialized, dismissed or neglected due to stereotypic beliefs of nurses and physicians (Browne and Fiske 2001). Some aboriginal women have even reported feeling like outsiders who are not entitled to health care services. This indicates that aboriginal people`s negative experience with health care professionals have compromised the quality of care they receive. This then reinforces their perception that aboriginal values are not respected by the western medical establishment and instilled feelings of mistrust toward care providers (Browne and Fiske 2001). You read "Oppression of First Nation People" in category "Papers" Marginalization from dominant political, economic, social, and health sectors arises from and reinforces racial stereotypes that contribute to views of Aboriginal people as â€Å"other† (Browne and Fiske 2001). For example, all those that are recognized as having â€Å"Status Indians,† members of the First Nation community they are entitled to non-insured health benefits that no other Canadians receive. This has created bitterness and hatred from members of the dominant society with respect to â€Å"free† health services and often is seen as an addition of welfare. Members of the First Nation are acutely aware of the views commonly held by members of the dominant society and recognize that these perceptions contribute to negative stereotypes and the processes of â€Å"othering† that further alienates them from the dominant health sector † (Browne and Fiske 2001). In addition to having the Indian status card, residential school practices have had an influence on individuals. This again is an illustration of political power that had an influence on the mistreatment and abuse of children at these schools. From 1917 to 1946, children of this First Nation were compelled to attend residential school to receive an education (Nelson, 2006). At these schools that are supposed to be a building of which education is suppose to be taught there were many instances of physical and sexual abuses that created a lifetime of fear, humiliation, and mistrust. These abuses and the shame expectancies taught by the very strict teachings of sexual modesty and morality are compounded by the lived experiences of maltreatment (Nelson, 2006). The social harm of enforced residential schooling is enormous; this combined with economic and political relations shape women’s health care. Many First Nations women feel as though there are dismissed by their health care providers. They believe their health concerns or symptoms were not taken seriously. They were either seen as inconsequential or simply dismissed by providers of which predominantly were doctors or Nurses (Nelson, 2006). The nurses and doctors assumed there was nothing wrong before assessing the patient’s condition. Individuals feel as though they have to transforming their image to gain credibility. So they feel as though they have to dress up when going to the doctors. The risk of being dismissed was compounded by some women’s reluctance to admit to pain or to outwardly express suffering, which is what they had been taught by their Catholic teachers in residential school (Nelson, 2006). Therefore, they are more likely to wait until there condition is severe before seeking services, since past experiences cause them to fear that she will be dismissed by her provider. In addition, health care providers stereotype First Nations women as being very passive participants in health care. But what they fail to realize is that they again were taught specific ways of expressing respect one of which was to act unassertive (Nelson, 2006). Another prejudice that First Nations encounter by health care providers are the judgments on the women as mothers. Extreme actions are usually taken by hospital staff based on assumptions. This is also another factor leading to individuals trying to transform themselves. They try to change their appearance so that they look like credible medical subjects to be treated equally as the every other patient. Often a difficult task when First Nation people feel like outsiders. Systemic prejudice and oppression towards First Nations women can be best explained as the result of formal and informal colonial policies and so can be best addressed by changing the prejudiced individual. A chief illustration of prejudice that First Nations women experience is through the health care system. The health care system has and continues to; discriminate, execute racism as well as permits structured inequalities that only hinders First Nations women. The implications of providing health care to Aboriginal women must be critically analyzed to consider the unique social, political, economic, and historical factors influencing health care encounters at individual and institutional levels (Nelson, 2006). Women of First Nations are aware of the different ways in which racial and gendered stereotypes and economic privation can influence the health care they receive (Nelson, 2006). Health care is a basic necessity that many of us take for granted. This disadvantage is also a representation of a First Nations woman`s everyday social experience. The tendency of Western nurses and doctors to bracket out the sociological and political context of health care encounters involving Aboriginal patients, however, stems from their professional socialization and predominantly middle-class values (O’Neil, 1989). It has been proven that there is in fact an institutional and colonial relationship with health care. Institutions are powerful symbols of Canada`s recent colonial past that currently affects Canadians. First Nations patient today are experiencing discriminatory behaviour from health care providers and as a result disempowering them. The difficulty has been addressed and the time now is to solve this problem. Given the political and ideological context of relations between First Nations people and the Canadian state, power imbalances that give rise to the women’s concerns regarding their health care are unlikely to be redressed without radical changes in the current sociological and political environment (Nelson, 2006). Health practitioners as well as policy makers would need to integrate their work to create health care policies, practices, and educational programs. Moreover, since we are fully aware that systemic institutionalizations are originally rooted from individuals the approach to solve this problem would be by trying to reduce prejudice by changing the prejudiced individual (Morrison Morrison, 2008). It seemed fairly obvious that because prejudice originated from the one who was doing the stereotyping that if society wants to reduce or eliminate such behaviour, it ought to direct its attention to changing that individual (Morrison Morrison, 2008). Thus reduction efforts using education, ad role playing, propaganda and confrontation techniques are examples of attempts to reduce prejudice (Morrison Morrison, 2008). The shift in individual behaviours will in turn change mainstream health care. References Browne, A. J. , and Fiske, J. (2001). First Nations women’s encounters with mainstream health care services. Western Journal of Nursing, 23, 126- 147. Dion Stout, M. D. (1996). Aboriginal Canada:Women and health. Paper prepared for the Canada-U. S. A. Forum onWomen’s Health [Online]. Ottawa, Canada. Available: http://www. c-sc. gc. ca/canusa/papers/canada/english/indigen. htm Forced Sterilization of Native Americans. (n. d. ). In Encyclopedia Net Industries online. Retrieved from http://encyclopedia. jrank. org/articles/pages/6242/Forced-Sterilization-of-Native-Americans. html Gerber, L. M. (1990). Multiple jeopardy: A socio-economic comparison of men and women among the Indian, Metis and Inuit peoples of Canada. C anadian Ethnic Studies, 22(3), 69-84. Morrison, G. T. , Morrison, A. M. (Eds. ). (2008). The psychology of Modern Prejudice. New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. Nelson, D. T. (2006). The Psychology of Prejudice. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. O’Neil, J. D. (1989). The cultural and political context of patient dissatisfaction in cross-cultural clinical encounters: A Canadian Inuit study. Medical Anthropology Quarterly, 3(4), 325-344 Stats Canada. (2006). First Nations Health Care. Retrieved from http://www12. statcan. ca/census-recensement/2006/index-eng. cfm Voyageur, C. J. (1996). Contemporary Indian women. In D. A. Long O. P. Dickason (Eds. ), Visions of the heart: Canadian aboriginal issues (pp. 93-115). Toronto, Canada: Harcourt Brace How to cite Oppression of First Nation People, Papers

Market Research and Its Use in a Marketing Plan Samples for Student

Questions: 1.Who Are The Competition For Your Favourite Product? 2.SWOT Analysis and Its Use In The Marketing Plan? Answers: Introducation: Marketing is a very complicated task and it has to go through various steps. The production of a market product and its following packaging and branding needs to be done very swiftly so that the marketing can be done properly. The first step for branding a product is to make a proper market research. Marketing research is seen as a basis on which the entire marketing program depends on (Malhotra, Birks Wills, 2013). The steps of a marketing research are to prepare a brief research design. The research design should be based on a thorough overview of the current marketing positions. The importance of the primary and secondary data should be understood. The secondary data should be based on the sales records and the customer profiles. The responsibility of the marketing research should be given to a specialist company who will carry it out. Market Research and its use in a Marketing Plan Marketing plan is something that is needed to be done according to the outcomes of the marketing research process (Westwood, 2016). A marketing plan is something where proper strategies have to be fixed so that the proper strategies and tactics can be employed for a positive outcome in the business. A marketing plan has to be focused on the time period of the next 12 months. Suppose a famous automobile company like Volkswagen group of companies that is located in Wolfsburg, Germany must make some good marketing strategies that can attract the entire European markets as well as the world markets. It is very important to capture the market by competing with the other famous companies like Mercedes, Toyota, Audi and others. They should assess the strategies of the other companies and make theirs to sustain their markets. Competition for the Favorite market In this part the topic of discussion is the comparison between the favorite product and its competitor. According to the requirements, the favorite product has been chosen as the Apple iPhone 7. The competitor of the product is the Samsung Galaxy s7 phone. The competition market in the sphere of electronics market is immense (Mayer, Melitz Ottaviano, 2014). All the companies are recruiting its best resources to capture the market and adopting the best strategies. The external factors that impacts on the market may be considered as the tactics and strategies applied by them. The different strategies have to be assessed by the favorite product companies (Glowik, 2016). In this scenario, the favorite product is the Apple iPhone 7. The most recent brand in the smart phone industry by Apple company is the iPhone 7. Their competitor in the market is the Samsung Galaxy s7 which is also a new launched product in the market. Apple is a much reputed company famous for their iPhones and iPads. These are very popular products to the upper class families. The main aspect is that the cost of these products is very high and have particular customer base. Samsung is trying to capture the market of Apple lovers. It is a known fact that these two products are run by two software platforms-iOS and Android (Liu et al., 2013). The iOS software does not support many applications though it is a symbol of pride and status. On the other hand, Android software supports most of the applications so it can attract young generation members. The favorite product Iphone 7 must adopt some strategies so that they can produce some cost effective products. These cost effective products will be able to attract the middle class families and it would make their brand more popular than their competitor product. PESTEL analysis and the ways it affect the new products PETSEL analysis is a very effective way of assessing the marketing strategies of an organization (Jurevicius, 2013). The PESTEL analysis somewhat helps this process by analyzing the different aspects in the marketing criteria. The aspects include the political, economical, social, technological, environmental and legal issues. They are very useful collectively to draw out the proper marketing tactics to launch a product. The company chosen here is Vodafone which is a leading telecommunication industry. The latest example of the Vodafone products is the Vodafone Smart powered by 528 MHz Qualcomm MSM7225 processor. Vodafone is a reputed telecommunication industry spread in the entire world. The countries in which they are doing their business must support their endeavors. If a country is politically unstable, it would be very problematic to do a proper marketing, Political unrest would hinder Vodafone to market their products and this is why they should choose countries, which are politically stable. The economic aspects do not affect the business directly but it affects the business on a bigger level by affecting the goods, services and the financial state of the business. It also conforms to the ideas of customer demands and taxes (Bodie, 2013). Vodafone must assess their economical strengths and be able to manage the losses when it comes to count. They should always try to keep up a good economical stability in their business profits. The social factors include the introduction of the social media in the lives of people and the marketing analysis. Social marketing has become a part and parcel in the peoples lives. The society is changing and the marketers have to keep updated with the changing scenario. They should introduce new plans that would attract the new customers and prove to be benefit for them. They should cater to the needs of the societal progress. The recent technology has to be used in manufacturing the products and the infrastructure of the organization. They must provide the customers with a better network and sufficient data speed so that it would keep the customers satisfied always. The environmental factors have to be analyzed before the launching of the product like the customer health, climate change, physical condition of the earth and others. Vodafone should also present their product benefits to help the needs of the customers. These things are very important for the growth of Vodafone. The legal factors include following the law and not violating it at any cost. They must follow the legal guidelines of the countries to keep their reputation alive. SWOT analysis and its use in the marketing plan It is observed that SWOT analysis is one of the significant strategic marketing tools that help the organization to identify the internal as well as external forces that have strong impact on the business. The strength gives the confidence regarding the factors, which the firm has the right as well as which it could capitalize on. Likewise, Agarwal, Grassl and Pahl (2012) mentioned that weakness demonstrates the weak areas within the company, where the management needs to work on. Similarly, opportunities are referred to the strategic options available to the company to develop the business and gain customer base. The last aspect of SWOT analysis is the threat that determines the major threats for the organizations, which could be both internal and external. The SWOT analysis is effective when the organizations need to develop a new strategy or expand in a new market. Before implementing the strategies, it could focus on its internal capabilities and external opportunities. Based on the analysis, the company could further modify the strategies. The significance of SWOT analysis has been discussed in the following with an example of its application used by KFC. The latest example that KFC has produced is the Chili Chizza. Strength v KFC is worlds second largest fast food chain with more than 18,000 outlets in 120 nations around the world (Nehir Simsek, 2012) v It is the subsidiary of Yum. This brand owns Pizza Hut and Taco Bell. v Increasing range of products help KFC to gain popularity in the global environment Weaknesses v The consumption of unhealthy fats as well as unhygienic ingredients are creating negative impact in the fast food sector, where KFC is not an exception v Franchisees management is one of the critical issues in the operation of fast food chain. In addition, because of the conflicting operational problems between KFC as well as its franchisees, several outlets of KFC closed the operation in the developed nation like Singapore and Malaysia (Ye, 2012) Opportunities v It is identified that emerging economy in the global environment as well as their changing life style could result into more outing with the families, which remains as the significant opportunity for KFC. Moreover, KFC recently got into the vegetarian categories but competitors like McDonalds has become a major player in the category. Therefore, specializing into Veg items, the company could make difference in its overall business growth (Mylonakis Evripiotis, 2016). Threats v Due to increasing health awareness of government and NGOs and awareness campaign, people are becoming more concerned about what to consume or what to avoid, which is affecting the overall business of fast food sector. Table 1: SWOT analysis of KFC (Source: Nehir Simsek, 2012) Segmentation, targeting and positioning in marketing (STP) The organizations market growth depends on how it treats the market, which how the company deals with the customers. Thus, as the advanced marketing strategy, the company categorizes the market based on the demography, psychographic as well as geography. Therefore, to understand the application of segmentation and its impact, the example of beverage company Coca Cola has been discussed in the following. Demography- Coca Cola significantly focuses on people whose age falls under the category of 15 to 25 years (Karnani, 2014). It significantly targets the both male and female as the beverage items are purchased by both male and female. In addition, the company also focuses on the income while designing the beverage items. For example, the people who have low level of income prefer to buy the returnable glass bottle, whereas people with high income prefer can. Thus, Coca Cola design its products based on the average income of the people in the market and their age. The latest product launched by Coca Cola is the Aquarius mineral water. Figure 1: Demographic Segmentation (Source: Karnani, 2014) Psychographic- As consumer buying behavior has strong impact on the organizational operation, the design of products and service should be based on the buying behavior of the consumers. However, people who are brand conscious may not drink beverage items of less know brands. Therefore, Coca Cola focuses on the market that has increasing percentage of education to convey its brand message. Geographic segmentation- The beverage items of Coca Cola is based on climate, population and locality. As put forward by Barkay (2013), Coca Cola sells its products based on the country and region. However, it varies in accordance to the taste and income level. For example, the third world nations are given low quality and taste. As people most prefer cold beverage items, the main idea of Coca Cola is to serve the items cold. Therefore, it focuses on the hot areas of the world such as UAE and other Asian nations. Target customers- The target customers of Coca Cola is youths and adult. The brand mainly focuses on high school students and college goers who prefer to hang out in the pub and restaurants. Positioning- In order to position the brand, Coka Cola mainly focus on the markets that have highest population such as downturn of the cities, Tier I and Tier II cities. However, due to the increasing popularity of brand, Coca Cola even got into the small cities (Singh, 2013). New product/services launch or brand management It is not certain that launch of every product will bring success to the company. Many organizations are there in the global environments that have experienced the product failure in their long-term operation in the market. Product Failure of Nokia-Lumia Even though, Nokia has gained a tremendous popularity in the global environment due to cell phone, in the recent time the operation of Nokia has largely been affected due to the strong market presence of Samsung. Samsung introduced its Smartphone in 2009 collaborating with the Google and it gained a tremendous popularity as people have shifted their focus from low cost cell phone to innovative Smartphone (Kolk Rungi, 2013). However, Nokia took many years to launch its Lumia collaborating with Microsoft and people were already aware of Microsoft Windows software (Karnani, 2014). Therefore, the product did not gain popularity as the customers were looking for innovative software like android instead of used software. The latest product launched by Nokia Lumia is the Microsoft Lumia 550 powered by Windows 10 version software. Kindle-Amazon Undoubtedly, Amazons Kindle has gained an excellent success in the market. Nearly, Amazon sold 17.5 billion of Kindle devices in the last year (Soler et al., 2012). First time in history, e-book lovers have received that worth their money and time. Excellent features of Kindle helps users to read any book and stories. These user-friendly devices help the buyers carry the devices wherever they go. References Agarwal, R., Grassl, W. Pahl, J., (2012). Meta-SWOT: introducing a new strategic planning tool.Journal of Business Strategy,33(2), pp.12-21. Barkay, T., (2013). When business and community meet: a case study of Coca-Cola.Critical Sociology,39(2), pp.277-293. Bodie, Z. (2013).Investments. McGraw-Hill. Glowik, M. (2016).Market Entry Strategies: Internationalization Theories, Concepts and Cases of Asian High-Technology Firms: Haier, Hon Hai Precision, Lenovo, LG Electronics, Panasonic, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, TCL, Xiaomi. Walter de Gruyter GmbH Co KG. Jurevicius, O. (2013). PEST PESTEL Analysis.Strategic Management Insight,13, 2013. Karnani, A., (2014). Corporate social responsibility does not avert the tragedy of the commons. Case study: Coca-Cola India.Economics, Management, and Financial Markets,9(3), pp.11-23. Kolk, A. Rungi, M., (2013). Total exploitation orientation in capability development: the cross-case of Google, Ericsson, Microsoft and Nokia.Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe,4(2). Liu, Y., Li, F., Guo, L., Shen, B., Chen, S. (2013, March). A comparative study of android and iOS for accessing internet streaming services. InInternational Conference on Passive and Active Network Measurement(pp. 104-114). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Malhotra, N. K., Birks, D. F., Wills, P. (2013).Essentials of marketing research. Pearson. Mayer, T., Melitz, M. J., Ottaviano, G. I. (2014). Market size, competition, and the product mix of exporters.The American Economic Review,104(2), 495-536. Mylonakis, J. Evripiotis, M., (2016). Towards an assessment of globalization and localization of western east-food chains in china: the case of kfc.European Journal of Business and Innovation Research,4(3), pp.17-28. Nehir El, S. Simsek, S., (2012). Food technological applications for optimal nutrition: an overview of opportunities for the food industry.Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety,11(1), pp.2-12. Singh, D., (2013). The brand personality component of brand goodwill: some antecedents and consequences.Brand equity advertising: Advertising's role in building strong brands, p.83. Soler, L.S., Kok, K., Camara, G. Veldkamp, A., (2012). Using fuzzy cognitive maps to describe current system dynamics and develop land cover scenarios: a case study in the Brazilian Amazon.Journal of Land Use Science,7(2), pp.149-175. Westwood, J. (2016).How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers. Ye, S., (2012). The impact of destination personality dimensions on destination brand awareness and attractiveness: Australia as a case study.Turizam: znanstveno-stru?ni ?asopis,60(4), pp.397-409.

Biology Molecule Essays - Intermolecular Forces, Properties Of Water

Biology Molecule Unit 1 -man is high 50's to 60% water -distribution in body divided into 3 compartments: 1) intracellular - 28 litres 2) intercellular/interstitial fluid - 11 litres - 80% 3) blood plasma - 3 litres - 20% -women contain less water than men -organisms can contain 60-80% water -bacteria have lots of water -fat cells have little -water's properties result from its structure and molecular interactions -water is polar -polar covalent bonds and asymmetrical shape give it opposite charges on opposite sides -electrons spend more time around O giving H a slight positive charge -hydrogen bonds form between the oxygen of one molecule and the hydrogen of another -cohesion: substance being held together by hydrogen bonds -hydrogen bonds are transient yet enough is always held together to give water more structure than almost any other liquid -beads and meniscus formed by cohesion (also helps upward transport of water in plants) -adhesion counteracts downward pull of gravity -water has greater surface tension than most liquids -surface molecules are hydrogen bonded to molecules below and around them -surface tension can hinder life (i.e. beading in the alveoli of lungs) -makes water "unwettable" -surfactants used to counteract this -water has a high specific heat which allows it to resist extreme temperature changes -has a high heat of vaporization that causes it to require alot of energy to change states -when sweating, heat energy is utilized to change states from liquid to gas, causing a drop in temperature -as a solid water is less dense than as a liquid and will float -charged regions of molecules have an electrical attraction to charged ions -water surrounds ions separating and shielding them from one another -polar compounds are generally soluble -charged regions of water are attracted to oppositely charged regions of other polar molecules -polar molecules are miscible in other polar liquids -most water molecules don't dissociate (~ 1/554 million do) -hydrogen atom in hydrogen bond between the two water molecules may shift from the oxygen atom it is covalently bonded to the unshared orbitals of the oxygen that it is hydrogen bonded to -hydrogen ion is transferred creating a hydronium ion and leaving a hydroxide ion -the solvent is water itself -at equilibrium water is not dissociated -at equilibrium in pure water at 25oC [H+] = [OH-] -pH of this solution is 7 (neutral) -high pH = low acidity -acids are substances that increase the relative [H+] and remove OH- because it tends to combine with H+ to form water - if [H+] * [OH-] , it is acidic and has a pH between 0 and 7 -bases are substances that reduce the relative [H+] in a solution -it may increase the [OH] -if [H+] * [OH-] , it is basic and has a pH greater than 7 -buffers are important in the body to keep the pH range between 6 and 8 -pH of blood is between 7.34 and 7.44 -mustn't shift below 7.2 or acidosis will occur -some body zones may have a pH as low as 0.5 or as high as 10 -buffers minimize sudden changes and are a combo of hydrogen donors and hydrogen acceptors -ions are accepted when in excess and donated when in short supply -in biological systems an example is the bicarbonate buffer -in response to a rise in pH, the carbonic acid dissociates to form a carbonate ion and a hydrogen proton -if there is a drop, it is reversed (pH up = to right, pH down = to left) -equilibrium is established but it is always moving to the left or the right -a balance is the optimum pH -other body buffers include protein molecules which donate and accept amino acids to stabilize pH -most of the rest of organisms is made up of carbon based compounds like carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids -carbon compounds are known as organic -vitalism is the belief in a life force outside the control of chemical laws -this has been disproved as water, ammonia, hydrogen and methane have been combined in a lab to form organic substances -C+O+H = carbohydrates -C+H+N = amino acids, urea, proteins, lipids -carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks -each has 4 valences where bonds can form -carbon chains form the skeleton of most organic molecules -may be straight or branched, long or short, or in closed rings -hydrocarbons contain only hydrogen and carbon -they form when organic matter decomposes and functional groups break off leaving a skeleton -hydrocarbon chains, branches, and rings can be modified by other elements which

Essay on Attack and Turro Prison Block

Essay on Attack and Turro Prison Block Essay on Attack and Turro Prison Block Ice Cream Collection The Prize Pod is a rare Unversed that drops a variety of tasty treats when they are defeated in battle. Every single hit makes it them drop plenty of different ingredients for you to collect. You can collect these delectable ingredients and bring them to Huey, Dewey, and Louie in Disney Town to exchange them for Ice Cream Item Commands. A complete list of ingredients and recipes, organized by end result, is provided below. Locations of Prize Pods within each of the three stories is also provided. - Vanilla Glitz Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Bijou Bean x1 | Enchanted Dominion: Waterway | - | - | Crystal Sugar x3 | Castle of Dreams: Palace Courtyard | - | - | Golden Jam x1 | Neverland: Skull Rock Entrance | - | - | - Rockin’ Crunch Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Galactic Caramel x15 | Deep Space: Turro Prison Block | - | - | Nutty Nut x12 | Dwarf Woodlands: Underground Waterway Olympus Coliseum: Town Near Thebes | - | - | - Big Bad Pete Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Bizarro Bean x20 | Deep Space: Turro Prison Block | - | - | Whipped Dream x20 | Neverland: Skull Rock Entrance | - | - | - Honeybunny Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Apple Pie x2 | - | Dwarf Woodlands: The Mine | - | Honeybunch x3 | - | Neverland: Mermaid Lagoon | - | - Goofy Parfait Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Chocolate Valentine x5 | - | Castle of Dreams: Mousehole | - | Forest Muffin x10 | - | Enchanted Dominion: Audience Chamber | - | Jumbo Almond x6 | - | Enchanted Dominion: Audience Chamber | - | Moogle Coffee x7 | - | Radiant Garden: Fountain Court | - | - Double Crunch Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Cherryberry x9 | - | Enchanted Dominion: Audience Chamber | - | Merry Dairy x5 | - | Dwarf Woodlands: The Mine | - | Star Syrup x15 | - | Deep Space: Durgon Transporter | - | Wedding Cake x14 | - | Castle of Dreams: Mousehole | - | - Fabracadabra Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Balloon Melon x2 | - | - | Deep Space: Turro Prison Block | Heroic Orange x2 | - | - | Olympus Coliseum: Town Near Thebes | Peach Fantasy x1 | - | - | Dwarf Woodlands: Flower Glade | - Donald Fizz Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Crystal Soda x8 | - | - | Castle of Dreams: Foyer | Fizzy Tizzy x15 | - | - | Deep Space: Turro Prison Block | Mermaid Salt x13 | - | - | Neverland: Indian Camp | Sky Blue Mousse x8 | - | - | Enchanted Dominion: Waterside | - Royalberry Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Birthday Cake x8 | Castle of Dreams: Palace Courtyard | - | Castle of Dreams: Foyer | Gaspberry x7 | Dwarf Woodlands: Underground Waterway | - | Dwarf Woodlands: Flower Glade | Nebula Nectar x10 | Radiant Garden: Fountain Court | - | Radiant Garden: Fountain Court | Rose Honey x7 | Enchanted Dominion: Waterway | - | Enchanted Dominion: Waterway | - Milkyway Ingredients | Location (Terra) | Location (Ventus) | Location (Aqua) | Cotton Cloudcandy x14 | - | Olympus Coliseum: Town Near Thebes | Olympus Coliseum: Town Near Thebes | Cream Fluff

Research Paper 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Research Paper 2 - Essay Example As a result, states and society at large watched helplessly by for some time as the institutions of marriage and family fall apart. Lately, when the social and economic costs sustained from scuttled marriages and broken families began to spread and reach alarming proportions, state authorities in many places have started to take a hand in the problem. This paper discussed the ill effects of the breakdown of marriage and family and the prevention-intervention measures that are increasingly adopted to address the problem. It highlighted the negative influences of marital distress, cohabitation and divorce on people's productivity, physical and mental health as well as on the quality and character of children produced from such a troubled family environment. Finally, the paper examined the effectiveness of measures designed to strengthen the institution of marriage as catalyst for social stability. When a man and woman exchange marriage vows, they enter into a legal agreement to start a new family unit and care for each other and for any children that they might have. Since marriage is a legal instrument, it is the duty of the state to ensure that the contracting parties in marriage adhere to these provisions. Until recently, however, intervention in marriage and family was not part of public policy (Benson, 2005). ... Since marriage is a legal instrument, it is the duty of the state to ensure that the contracting parties in marriage adhere to these provisions. Until recently, however, intervention in marriage and family was not part of public policy (Benson, 2005). This thinking started to change as research after research unmistakably showed that the mounting cases of physical and mental illnesses and the dwindling levels of productivity in the workplace (Stanley, 2001) are attributable to failed marriages. Illnesses that require medical care create a drain on public resources while low productivity hampers the march to economic growth. These are as much a concern of the state as the Christian churches, which represent the only entity that used to undertake efforts at instructing couples on the sanctity of marriage and the adverse effects of marital distress. Realization that the state presence is needed in the deterioration of marriage gave further impetus to activities designed to achieve bette r understanding of the dynamics of the modern-day marriage and family with an eye on preventing marital distress and divorce. 2. Literature Review 2.a. Marriage & Family Breakdown When the National Council on Family Relations in the US conducted its annual meeting in 2003, the theme was: "What is the Future of Marriage" This captured the essence of the problem on the changes that erode the value of marriage and family. Marriage as a social institution has vastly deteriorated because of such factors as the increased opportunities for sexual relationships outside marriage, greater tolerance of single parenthood, declining marital fertility, improved job opportunities for women and

Midterm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Midterm - Essay Example Muslim piracy was also reduced, and economic activities revived along the western Mediterranean coast of the Christians (Crouzet 9-12). In addition, the western and central Europe was free from invasions by the nomads from central Asia that were dangerous to the survival of Europe's economy. Between the years 1236-1242, the Mongols raid of Europe brought destructions to economies in Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, Silesia and most parts of the Balkans. In 1242, the Mongols extended eastwards and conquered China (Crouzet 9-12). The other factor that affected the European economy was the rise of feudalism, which was subsequently followed by feudal anarchy. There were frequent wars among the rivalry feudal leaders in Europe, which caused the destruction of European economy. Between the years 950-970, many fortifications were constructed to enhance the security of kingdoms under feudal leaders. Within the same years, the church contributed a lot to the safety of Europe through their peace move ments (Crouzet 9-12). Another factor that was crucial to the development of European economy was the rapid growth of the population since the thirteen century. This was caused by improvements in technology and increased agricultural productivity. The population growth acted as a crucial factor in spurring the commercial and urban revolutions in the 18th centuries. The population increase had considerable influence in Northern Europe. The population growth caused changes in the prices of commodities, which lead to the development of institutions for innovations (Crouzet 9-102). #2 The population of Europe increased tremendously between the years 1000-2000 because the rate fertility was higher than that of mortality. This resulted net population growth, in Europe. Population increased constantly and would only reduce drastically incase of catastrophes such as disease epidemics. The invasions on Europe had also ceased, and security prevailed in most regions of Europe. Also, between the 8th and 14th centuries, European epidemics had decreased and a warm climate prevailed in Europe, particularly the Alps region. The favorable climate improved agriculture activities, which led to better nutrition and improved standards of living (Crouzet 9-12). In the Carolingian times, the western Christendom developed values and a model of its population. In the whole of Europe, polygamy, the use of contraceptives, abortion, desertion of children and infanticide were abolished. The church supported monogamous marriage and enforced strict rules on polygamous marriage. The nuclear family in most nations grew stronger and became dominant with the exception of the Slavic people. The system of monogamous family encouraged acceptance of children and procreation. This system also regulated procreation before marriage. The effects were increased fertility rates and reduced death rates. However, the rate of infanticides and Juvenile mortality remained high though out Europe (Crouzet 9-12). The historical records show that the population in Europe increased from 1.1-1.2 million between years 1066-1086, 3.4-4.5 million people in 1340. However, France, Europe had a population of 15 million people in 950. In 1300, the population in Europe doubled. The population continued to increased but never exploded like that in third world countries in the late 20th century. The population in E

Chapter4 summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter4 summary - Essay Example Similarly, philosophy has its own set of principles that differentiate conflicting ideas (Stewart, & Blocker, 2001). The rise of western philosophy brought about a significant shift in philosophy and reasoning. In particular, the shift induced the appeal of reason from mythological criteria. An appeal to reason is the idea of making logical analysis before making a decision. Emotions do not comprise logical reason, in the sense that they compel one to make hasty decisions. Thus, the appeal to reason is the universal sense of correctness. However, different people have different measures for correctness as well as reasoning. The nature of a problem explains the existence of varied reasons. For instance, most people will disagree on a particular political agenda but agree on 5+7 = 12. This introduces the issue of reasonable decision or specifically what reason is. Reason is the basis of decisions making and, it reflects on the fairness of ideas or conclusions. Therefore, a reasonable person is one who judges his reasons and determines the most appropriate ones. Application of reasoning in decision-making is an appeal to concentrate on an issue. The study of logic and the connection between logic and reasoning is the foundation of philosophy. Science is also established on the appeal to reason; however, unlike philosophy, science utilizes empirical facts. For instance, a scientist must verify a claim through experiments before he or she can declare them the absolute truth. On the other hand, philosophers attempt to articulate our beliefs and assumption on nature. Thus, philosophers are preoccupied with theories that prove certain facts, instead of creating new theories. Philosophy’s chief tool is reason and, therefore it is not an empirical subject (Stewart, & Blocker, 2001). Since ancient times, people have been compelled to live according to reason. Socrates once said that life without reason is not worth living. Therefore,

An Overview Algorithms And Data Structures Computer Science Essay

An Overview Algorithms And Data Structures Computer Science Essay Algorithms consist of a set of rules to execute calculations by hand or machine. It can also be defined as an abstraction consisting a program executed on a machine (Drozdek 2004). This program will follow operations carried out in sequence on data organized in data structures. These data structures are generally categorized into: Linear data structures examples which are arrays, matrices, hashed array trees and linked list among others. The tree data structures which include binary tree, binary search tree, B- trees, heaps e.t.c. Hashes which consist of the commonly used hash table Graph Graph: This is an abstract data structure which implements the graph oriented concepts. The graph will consist of arcs or edges as (x, y) of nodes or vertices. The edges may assume some value or numeric attribute such as cost length or capacity. Some of the operations of the graph structure G would include: Adjacent (x, y) an operation testing whether for the existence of an edge between x and y. Set_ node, value (G x, a) an operation setting the value associated with node x to a Add (G x, y) an operation that adds to the graph an arc from x and y if it is not existent. Graph algorithms are implemented within computer science to find the paths between two nodes like the depth or breadth first search or the shortest path (Sedgewick 2001 p 253). This is implemented by the Dijkstras algorithm. The Floyd Warshall algorithm is used to derive the shortest path between nodes. Linked lists These are linear data structures consisting of a data sequence linked by a reference. Linked lists provide implementation for stacks, queues, skip lists and hash tables. Linked lists are preferred over arrays because the lists may be ordered differently from how they are stored in memory. These lists will therefore allow the removal or insertion of nodes at any point. Each component or record has a node containing an address to the next node called the pointer or next link. The remainder of the fields are known as the payload, cargo, data or information. The list has first node as the head and the last node as the tail. A linked list may be circularly linked where the last node references the first node in the same list or linear where the link field is open. B -Tree This is a tree data structure that stores sorted data and allows searches, deletions, insertions and sequential access. The operations in the B- Tree are normally optimized for bulky data systems. The B -Tree has variants of design. However the B -Tree stores keys in the internal nodes. However this does not normally reflect at the leaves. The general variations are B+ Tree and B* Tree (Comer 129). The searching process is similar for the B- Tree and the binary search tree. It commences at the root and a traversal is executed from top to bottom. The search points at the child pointer with values between the search values. The insertion starts at the leaf node which if containing fewer than legally acceptable elements qualify for an addition, otherwise the node is evenly split into two nodes. A median is chosen in determining the left or right hand placements with values greater than the median going to the right node. The median here acts as the separation value. The deletion process assumes two popular strategies. Either the element located is deleted followed by a restructuring of the tree. Alternatively a scan may be performed followed by a restructuring of the tree after the candidate node to be delete has been identified. Hashes This is a data structure employing the hash function mapping to identity keys. The function transforms the key as an index of an array. The function then maps every key possibility to a unique slot index. Using well dimensioned hash tables every look up is independent of the population in the array. The hash table efficiency is utilized in database indexing, implementation of sets and cache and associative arrays. A simple array is central to the hash table algorithm. This algorithm derives an index from the elements key. This index is then used to store the elements in the array. The hash function f represents the implementation of the calculation. Hash tables implement various types of memory tables. The keys are used in this case for persistent data structures and disk based database indices. Greedy Algorithms. These algorithms work by making most promising decisions at the onset whatever the outcome would be is not taken into consideration at that moment. These algorithms are considered straight forward, simple and short sighted (Chartrand 1984). The upside or advantage to these greedy algorithms is that they are easy to invent and implement and will prove efficient. Their disadvantage is that they are not able problems optimally because of their greedy approach. Greedy algorithms are applied when we try to solve optimization problems. A typical implementation of these algorithms is the making change problem whereby we are required to give change using minimum number of notes or coins. We commence by giving the largest denomination first. Informally the greedy algorithm for this problem would follow the steps below: Begin without anything At each stage and without passing a given amount Consider the largest addition to the set. A formal algorithm of the implementation of the making change problem can be written as here below: MkChange C à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {100, 25, 10, 5, 1} // C is a constant set of different coinage denominations Sol à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ {X} // Represents the solution set Sumà ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ 0 which is the sum of items in {X} WHILE Sum. Not = n L =Largest of C such that Sum +L IF no such item THEN RETURN No item SUM à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚  Sum+L RETURN S. An approach by the greedy algorithm to ensure optimization is the maintaining of two sets one for chosen items and the other for rejected items. Based on the two sets the algorithm will carry out four functions. Function one checks whether the chosen set of items can provide a solution. Function two checks for flexibility of the set. The selection function identifies the candidates. The objective function gives a solution. The greedy algorithm applies for the shortest path. The Dijkstras algorithm aims at determining the length of the shortest path. This path runs from S the source to other nodes. Typically Dijkstras algorithm maintains two sets of nodes S and C. S in this case consists of already selected nodes whereas C will consist of the rest of the nodes within the graph (Papadimitrious Steiglitz 1998). At the initialization of the algorithm our set X has only S. After execution {X} includes all the nodes of the graph. During every step in the algorithm a node in C that is closest to S is chosen. The remainder nodes that dont belong to S will result in a disconnected graph. The diagrams below illustrate the Dijkstra algorithm Considering the graph G = (V, E). Each node of the graph has an infinite cost apart from the source node with 0 costs (Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010) Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Initialize d[S] to zero and choose the node closest to S. Add to S while relaxing all other nodes adjacent to S. Update every node. The diagram here below illustrates this process: Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Choose the closest node X and relax adjacent nodes while updating u, v and y as indicated in the diagram below. Source: Next we consider y as closest and add to S and relax V as indicated in the diagram below Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Consider u and adjust v as a neighbor as indicated in the diagram here below. Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Finally add V and the predecessor list now defines the shortest path from S which was the source node. The diagram below illustrates the resulting shortest path Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Spanning trees Typically graphs will have a number of paths between nodes. Spanning tree graphs consist of all the nodes with a path between any two nodes. A graph consists of different spanning trees. A disconnected graph will represent a spanning forest. A breadth first spanning tree results after a breadth first search on this graph. The depth first spanning tree results after a depth first search on the spanning tree. Spanning tree applications among others includes the travelling salesman problem here below: Problem: Considering an undirected graph G= (V, E) having a non negative integer cost associated with every edge and representing a certain distance. We can derive a tour of the graph G with the minimum cost. The salesman may start from city 1 and go on to the six cities (1 6) and return back to city 1. The first approach would run in the following manner from city: 1 to 4 to 2 to 5 to 6 to 3 to 1 resulting in a total of 62 kilometers. The diagram below shows this approach. Adding the edge weights we have 15+10+8+15+9+5 = 62 Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 The other alternative approach which is the most optimal would run in the following man from city: 1 to 2 to 5 to 4 to 6 to 3 to 1 resulting in a total of 48 kilometers. The diagram below shows this approach. Adding the edge weights we have 10+8+8+8+9+5= 48 Kilometers Source: Design and Analysis of Computer Algorithms 2010 Other applications using the panning tree approach are like the airlines route determination, designing of computer networks, the laying of oil pipelines to connect refineries and road link constructions between cities. (Goodrich Tamassia 2010; Sedgewick 2002). A typical minimum spanning tree application based on the spanning tree application MST(minimum spanning tree) cost can be used o determine the points of connection of some cable for example the fiber optic being laid along a certain path. The edges with a larger weight which corresponds to more cost would be those that require more attention and resources to lay the cable. An appropriate result would be derived from the graph with the minimum cost. Prims Algorithm. The approach for this algorithm is that it proceeds from an arbitrary root node at every stage. A new edge being added to the tree at every step. The addition process terminates when all the nodes in the graph have been achieved. This algorithm concentrates on the shortest edge. Therefore the time lapse for the algorithm will depend on how the edge is searched. The straight forward search method identifies the smallest edge by searching adjacently a list of all nodes in the graph. Every search as an iteration has a cost time O (m). Total cost time to run a complete search is O (mn). The Prim algorithm (basic) takes the following steps: Initialize the tree to consist of a start node WHILE not all nodes in the tree Loop Examine all nodes in the graph with one end point in the tree Find the shortest edge adding it to the tree End. After each step or iteration a partially completed spanning tree holding a maximum number of shortest edges is created as A and B will consist of the remaining nodes. The loop looks for the shortest edge between A and B. Kruskals Algorithm. This is an algorithm that computes the minimum spanning tree (MST). This is done by building a generic algorithm into a forest. Kruskals algorithm will consider every edge and is ordered based on the increasing weight. Consider an edge (u, v) that connecting two different trees. It follows that (u, v) will be added to the set of edges in the generic algorithm. The resultant is a single tree from two trees connected by (u, v). The algorithm can be outlined as follows: Commence with an empty set E selecting at each stage the shortest edge not yet chosen or discarded regardless of its location on the graph MST KRUSKAL (G, w) A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { } // the set containing the edges of the MST for every node n in V[G] do make_set (n) sort edge of E by decreasing weights w for each edge (u, n) in E do if FIND_SET (u) not equal FIND_SET (n) then A=A U {(U, N)} UNION (u, n) Return A The algorithm above makes use of disjoint set data structures. Kruskals algorithm can also be implemented with the priority queue data structure. The resulting algorithm is shown below: MST KRUSKAL (G) for each node n in V[G] do define S(n) à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { n} initialize the queue Q consisting of all the edges of the graph G. Weights are not used as key here A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã‚ { } // This set will contain the edges of the generic algorithm(MST) WHILE A has v-1 edges do n à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S(n) and u à Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ S(u) IF S (n)! = S (u) Then add edge (u, n) to A S(n) U S(u) Return A The Binary Search Tree. A binary tree is one where every internal node X will store an element. Generally the elements in the left sub tree of X are less than or equal to X whereas those on the right sub tree are equal or greater than X. This represents the binary search tree property. The binary search tree height amounts to the number of links between the root and the deepest node (Skeinna 2008). The implementation of the binary search tree is such as a linked data structure where each node is an object with a total of three pointer fields namely left, right and Parent. These points to nodes corresponding to the left, right children and the parent. A NIL in any of these fields indicates no parent or child. The root node contains NIL in the Parent field. Dynamic programming algorithms These typically explores ways of optimization sequence based decisions in determining solutions. The algorithms employed avoid full enumeration of partial decisions that having a sub optimal contribution to the final solution. They instead concentrate only on optimal contributors (Aho Hopcrost 1983). The optimal solution is derived from a polynomial number of decision steps. At other times it is necessary for the algorithm to be fully implemented, however in most cases only the optimal solution is considered. Dynamic programming algorithms use of duplication and every sub solution is stored for later referencing. These solutions to the sub problems are held in a table. The total sub problems are then worked out using the bottom up technique. The steps in this bottom up technique will include the following: Begin by addressing the smallest sub problem Combine and sum up their solution increasing the scope and size UNTIL arriving at the solution of the original problem Dynamic programming relies on the principle of optimality. This principle alludes to the fact that present in an optimal decision or choice sequences are sub sequences that must be optimal as well. Warshall Algorithm. The WFI algorithm as it is also known is a graph analysis algorithm used to determine the shortest path in a weighted graph (Chartrand 1984). A comparison carried out will cover all possible paths between nodes of the graph. Consider graph G with nodes V as 1 to N. Let sPath(i, j, k) be the function that will return the shortest path between I and j while using the nodes 1 to k, demonstrates a recursive formula that results as shown here below sPath(i, j, k) = min{shortestPath(I, j, k-1),shortestPath(i, j, k -1)+shortestPath(k, j, k-1)} shortestPath(i, j, 0) = edgeCost(i, j) This forms the heart of the WFI algorithm. The shortest path is first computed as shortestPath(i, j, k) for all (i, j) pairs of k where k = 1 to n. The Floyd Warshall algorithm iteratively determine paths lengths between nodes (i, j) over i=j. The initial path is considered as zero, the algorithm provides the path lengths between the nodes. Conclusion Data structures and their associated algorithms are fundamental even today in providing the means for data storage and manipulation (Sage 2006). Core and complex computer processing involving memory management functions for operating systems, the database management systems cache implementation rely on data structures and their associated algorithms to execute efficiently and effectively. It is therefore becomes necessary that an adequate study of these data structures and algorithms is carefully studied and understood by system programmers to ensure the design of efficient and effective software.

Media: A Strong Influence on Body Image and Disordered Eating Essay

It would be incredibly naive to believe that our American society is not extremely preoccupied with the quest for thinness. Everywhere you go, (i.e. grocery stores, bookstores, fitness centers, theaters) images of both men and women who society has deemed "beautiful" are deliberately posted in order to sell a product, entice an audience, or merely to gain attention. Even in an age where the rates for obesity are increasing at a rapid pace, it seems as though our society still idolizes the chiseled, lean man and the ultra thin woman. Many would argue that Hollywood and media has a definite force on creating a standard of beauty for its viewers. Many adolescents and young adults are feeling it very difficult to achieve and maintain this specific body and weight "ideal". It should make one wonder whether or not this emphasis on the external appearance has a played a part in the increasing numbers of men and women who are unhappy with their bodies and who as a result, decide to make extr eme changes in their dieting and exercise routines. It has been suggested that mass media may be partly to blame to the drastic increase in the prevalence of eating disturbances in our nation (Anschutz, Van Strien, & Engels, 2008). Many believe that there is an ever-widening gap between what the media portrays as the ideal body size and weight and what women's actual body size is. As a result, after continually viewing images of people whose size is almost impossible to achieve, both men and women are increasingly feeling bad about their bodies and report dissatisfaction. Thornton and Moore assert, "according to the social comparison theory, people tend to evaluate their own appearance more negatively after viewing highly attractive individuals" (as... ...m" women who appear on most of today's television media are very rarely is the size of the average American women. Instead, television most often portrays women who have had a number of children and yet still are maintain a very slim, size two wearing, frame. Certain communication theories state that exposure to various media outlets can lead viewers to begin to accept the media portrayals of beauty as reality. Some researchers believe that this constant exposure creates in women the belief that looking like the seen images is expected and central to attractiveness. Lavine and Harrison (2004) assert, "media presentations of women’s bodies are so skewed, showcasing an ideal that is out of reach to most, adopting this reality may lead to decreased satisfaction with one’s own and to behaviors aimed at meeting this ideal" (as cited in Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008). Media: A Strong Influence on Body Image and Disordered Eating Essay It would be incredibly naive to believe that our American society is not extremely preoccupied with the quest for thinness. Everywhere you go, (i.e. grocery stores, bookstores, fitness centers, theaters) images of both men and women who society has deemed "beautiful" are deliberately posted in order to sell a product, entice an audience, or merely to gain attention. Even in an age where the rates for obesity are increasing at a rapid pace, it seems as though our society still idolizes the chiseled, lean man and the ultra thin woman. Many would argue that Hollywood and media has a definite force on creating a standard of beauty for its viewers. Many adolescents and young adults are feeling it very difficult to achieve and maintain this specific body and weight "ideal". It should make one wonder whether or not this emphasis on the external appearance has a played a part in the increasing numbers of men and women who are unhappy with their bodies and who as a result, decide to make extr eme changes in their dieting and exercise routines. It has been suggested that mass media may be partly to blame to the drastic increase in the prevalence of eating disturbances in our nation (Anschutz, Van Strien, & Engels, 2008). Many believe that there is an ever-widening gap between what the media portrays as the ideal body size and weight and what women's actual body size is. As a result, after continually viewing images of people whose size is almost impossible to achieve, both men and women are increasingly feeling bad about their bodies and report dissatisfaction. Thornton and Moore assert, "according to the social comparison theory, people tend to evaluate their own appearance more negatively after viewing highly attractive individuals" (as... ...m" women who appear on most of today's television media are very rarely is the size of the average American women. Instead, television most often portrays women who have had a number of children and yet still are maintain a very slim, size two wearing, frame. Certain communication theories state that exposure to various media outlets can lead viewers to begin to accept the media portrayals of beauty as reality. Some researchers believe that this constant exposure creates in women the belief that looking like the seen images is expected and central to attractiveness. Lavine and Harrison (2004) assert, "media presentations of women’s bodies are so skewed, showcasing an ideal that is out of reach to most, adopting this reality may lead to decreased satisfaction with one’s own and to behaviors aimed at meeting this ideal" (as cited in Grabe, Ward, & Hyde, 2008).